Live-action special effects and analog optics were used in place of animation to keep the visual effects budget low and give the film a more realistic look.

Live-action sequences from Patton were also featured.

Live-action shooting reached a brief highpoint with later arcade titles such as Mortal Kombat and NBA Jam, before gaming trends shifted away.

Live-action shows can also be subject to the laws of cartoon physics, explaining why, for example, The Three Stooges did not go blind from all the eye-poking.

Live-action footage of an actor portraying Zippy ( Ron Brannan ) and singing a song about the character was included in the 1988 documentary Comic Book Confidential.

A Live-action wargame ( LAW ) or Live Action Battle Game, is an active participation sport in which one among numerous participants compete in martial-like combat with the use of a point system similar to fencing.

Some scenes, like Evil Ash walking along the graveyard while his skeleton minions come to life, blended stop-motion animation with live skeletons that were mechanically rigged, with prosthetics and visual effects.

Strange animations between sketches were crafted in the final episodes by the then-unknown Terry Gilliam, who also graduated to Python – part of his " Christmas cards " animation reappeared there in the " Joy to the World " segment.

Carpenter wanted hi-tech computer graphics which were very expensive at the time, even for such a simple animation.

In the first of these the toy bears were made to move, apparently on their own, and in the latter film building tools were made to perform construction tasks without human intervention, by using frame-by-frame animation.

The technique got to Europe almost immediately, and Segundo de Chomon and others at Pathé took it further, adding clay animation, in which sculptures were deformed from one thing into another thing frame by frame in Sculpture moderne ( 1908 ), and then Pathé made the next step to the animation of silhouette shapes.

In 1989, CompuServe devised an enhanced version, called 89a, which added support for animation delays ( multiple images in a stream were already supported in 87a ), transparent background colors, and storage of application-specific metadata.

Between December 1916 and August 1918, a total of 37 Katzenjammer Kids silent cartoon shorts were produced by William Randolph Hearst's own cartoon studio International Film Service, which adapted well-known comic strips owned by Hearst for animation.

The Special Reserve reverted to its militia designation in 1921, then to Supplementary Reserve in 1924, though the units were effectively placed in " suspended animation " until disbanded in 1953.

While no technical advances were required to achieve it, some games over 100 megabits, such as Top Hunter, followed this screen by displaying an animation proclaiming " THE 100MEGA SHOCK !".

Soon after this documentary, the term was trademarked by Vinton to differentiate his team's work from others who had been, or were beginning to do, " clay animation ".

In the 1970s and 1980s, Industrial Light & Magic often used stop motion model animation for films such as the original Star Wars trilogy: the chess sequence in Star Wars, the Tauntauns and AT-AT walkers in The Empire Strikes Back, and the AT-ST walkers in Return of the Jedi were all stop motion animation, some of it using the Go films.

While the freedom of animation afforded large alien landscapes and believable non-humanoid aliens, budget constraints were a major concern and, as was typical of most Filmation productions, the animation quality was generally only fair, with very liberal use of stock shots.

There were also occasional mistakes, such as characters appearing on screen who were elsewhere, or a character supposed to appear on the bridge's main viewing screen, but then appeared in front, indicating bad ordering of animation plates.

Through most of the 20th century, many of these techniques were expensive and involved a small number of dedicated craft practitioners, while the reusability of props, models, effects, or animation techniques made it easier to keep using them.

Basic animation and timing modules were integrated into Scalable Vector Graphics ( SVG ) and the SMIL modules formed a basis for Timed-Text.

Several very popular series of short films were made using stop-motion animation, including The Clangers, Noggin the Nog, and Ivor the Engine.

* In Planet Comics # 36 it is mentioned that the three children were put into suspended animation in 2110.

The phenakistoscope ( 1832 ), zoetrope ( 1834 ) and praxinoscope ( 1877 ), as well as the common flip book, were early animation devices to produce movement from sequential drawings using technological means, but animation did not develop further until the advent of motion picture film.

Later, other movie technologies were adapted for use in animation, such as multiplane cameras with The Old Mill ( 1937 ), stereophonic sound in Fantasia ( 1940 ), widescreen processes with Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ), and even 3D.

Their graphics and animation are based directly on the original Bubble Bobble, only larger ( very similar to Bubble Symphony which was released less than a month later ).

In his later years, Jones became the most vocal alumnus of the Termite Terrace studio, frequently giving lectures, seminars, and working to educate newcomers in the animation field.

During World War II, he worked in an animation department of the United States Army, where he wrote Design for Death, a film that later won the 1947 Academy Award for Documentary Feature.

Jittlov again produced some impressive multi-technique stop motion animation a year later for a 1979 Disney special promoting their release of the feature film The Black Hole.

In 1991, Turner Broadcasting System bought animation studio Hanna-Barbera Productions, and much of the back catalog of both Hanna-Barbera and Ruby-Spears Productions from Great American Broadcasting, and three years later, Turner bought New Line Cinema and Castle Rock Entertainment.

However, rotoscoping made the animation look stiff and the technique was later used more for studying human and animal movement, rather than directly tracing and copying filmed movements.

Gertie the Dinosaur was produced before the introduction of later time-saving techniques such as cel animation.

In creating the film, McCay came up with a number of techniques that would later become standard in the animation industry.

The script, with adaptions, was later produced by Big Finish Productions as an audio play, with animation and was made available on BBCi and the BBC website in 2003.

Jerry Beck later wrote that, while he found the rotoscoped animation " beautiful ", he felt that it was unclear whether the use of live action was an artistic choice or due to budgetary constraints.

She first appeared in the Action Comics comic book series and later branched out into animation, film, television, and merchandising.

The character went through two later revivals, once by Filmation Studios in 1979, and again in 1987 at the hands of animation director Ralph Bakshi, who had worked at the Terrytoons studio during his early career.

Filmation also pioneered other animation technologies, particularly in Flash Gordon, which included backlighting effects for the first time in American animation ( they were already in use in Japan ), including moire effects to represent energy fields ( a technique that was later used in He-Man and later in She-Ra ).

A representative from Warner Bros. Records visited WING and later sent Cartwright a list of contacts in the animation industry.

She met with director Joe Dante and later described him as " a total cartoon buff, and once he took a look at my resume and noticed Daws Butler's name on it, we were off and running, sharing anecdotes about Daws and animation.

However, the film would be reevaluated in later years and considered a significant achievement in the art of animation.

The most ambitious Disney film of this period was the 1946 film Song of the South, a film blending live-action and animation which drew criticism for accusations of racial stereotyping in later years.

Warner Bros shut down the Original Termite Terrace studio in 1963 and DePatie-Freleng Enterprises assumed production of the shorts, licensed by Warner Bros. After DePatie-Freleng ceased production of Looney Tunes in 1967, Bill Hendricks was put in charge of production of the newly-renamed Warner Bros .- Seven Arts animation studio, and hired veterans such as Alex Lovy and LaVerne Harding from the Walter Lantz studio, Volus Jones and Ed Solomon from Disney, Jaime Diaz who later worked on The Fairly OddParents as director, and David Hanan, who previously worked on Roger Ramjet.

A decade later, after the success of the film, The Bugs Bunny / Road Runner Movie, which consisted predominately of footage from the classic shorts by Jones, a new in-house studio to produce original animation opened its doors in 1980 named Warner Bros.

Tron received enthusiastic praise from film critic Roger Ebert, became a cult favorite and turned out — many years later — to have a greater influence on animation ( at Disney and elsewhere ) than expected.

However, DreamWorks succeeded in its partnership with the British stop motion animation studio Aardman Animations with Chicken Run in 2000, and later the Oscar-winning Wallace and Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit in 2006.

The film featured reverse film effects, stop motion animation, jump-cuts from daytime to night-time, and The Beatles playing and later pouring paint over an upright piano.