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Loa loa filariasis ( also known as loiasis, loaiasis, Calabar swellings, Fugitive swelling, Tropical swelling and African eyeworm ) is a skin and eye disease caused by the nematode worm, loa loa.
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Loa and loa
# REDIRECT Loa loa filariasis
Humans contract this disease through the bite of a Deer fly or Mango fly ( Chrysops spp ), the vectors for Loa loa.
The adult Loa loa filarial worm migrates throughout the subcutaneous tissues of humans, occasionally crossing into subconjunctival tissues of the eye where it can be easily observed.
Loa loa does not normally affect one's vision but can be painful when moving about the eyeball or across the bridge of the nose.
Loa loa in subconjunctival tissues.
Synonyms for the disease include African eye worm, Loaiasis, Loaina, Loa loa filariasis, Filaria loa, Filaria lacrimalis, Filaria subconjunctivalis, Calabar swellings, Fugitive swellings, Loaina, and Microfilaria diurnal.
Loa loa, the scientific name for the infectious agent, is an indigenous term itself and it is likely that there are many other terms used from region to region.
It is estimated that 12-13 million humans are infected with the Loa loa larvae.
An area of tremendous concern regarding loiasis is its co-endemicity with onchocerciasis in certain areas of west and central Africa, as mass ivermectin treatment of onchocerciasis can lead to serious adverse events ( SAEs ) in patients who have high Loa loa microfilarial densities, or loads.
This fact necessitates the development of more specific diagnostics tests for Loa loa so that areas and individuals at a higher risk for neurologic consequences can be identified prior to microfilaricidal treatment.
Additionally, the treatment of choice for loiasis, diethylcarbamazine, can lead to serious complications in and of itself when administered in standard doses to patients with high Loa loa microfilarial loads.
The first case of Loa loa infection was noted in the Caribbean ( Santo Domingo ) in 1770.
This observation was made by a Scottish ophthalmologist named Douglas Argyll-Robertson, but the association between Loa loa and Calabar swellings was not realized until 1910 ( by Dr. Patrick Manson ).
Subconjunctival migration of an adult worm to the eyes can also occur frequently, and this is the reason Loa loa is also called the " African eye worm.
Loa loa microfilariae are transmitted to humans by the mango ( also, mangrove ) or deerfly vectors, Chrysops silicea and C. dimidiata.
Humans are the primary reservoir for Loa loa.
Microfilaria of Loa loa are transmitted by several species of tabanid flies ( Order: Diptera ; Class: Tabanidae ).
Loa loa vector.
The fact that no simian ( ex: monkeys or apes ) blood meals were taken suggests that there is no crossover between the human and simian types of Loa loa.
In the human host, Loa loa larvae migrate to the subcutaneous tissue where they mature to adult worms in approximately one year, but sometimes up to four years.
Loa loa life cycle.
Loa and filariasis
The vector for Loa loa filariasis are flies from two hematophagous species of the genus Chrysops, C. silacea and C. dimidiata.
Loa loa is the filarial nematode ( roundworm ) species that causes Loa loa filariasis.
* Subcutaneous filariasis is caused by Loa loa ( the eye worm ), Mansonella streptocerca, and Onchocerca volvulus.
L. loa causes Loa loa filariasis while O. volvulus causes river blindness.
# REDIRECT Loa loa filariasis
Loa and also
The Loa ( also Lwa or L ' wha ) are the spirits of Haitian Vodou.
Syncretism also works the other way in Haitian Vodou and many Catholic saints have become Loa in their own right, most notably St. Philomena, St. Michael the Archangel, St. Jude, and St. John the Baptist.
His wife / companion Ayida Weddo, the rainbow serpent – he is also married to Erzulie Freda – is also a Loa of creation.
In Vodou, and especially in Haiti, Azaka-Tonnerre ( also Azaca or Azacca ) is in the same " family " of Loa as Azaka Medeh-the Loa of agriculture.
Baron Samedi ( Baron Saturday, also Baron Samdi, Bawon Samedi, or Bawon Sanmdi ) is one of the Loa of Haitian Voodoo.
In Haitian Vodou, the Guédé ( also spelled Gede or Ghede, pronounced in Haitian Creole ) are the family of Loa that embody the powers of death and fertility.
As the name indicates, he also controls the crossroads and has the power to grant or deny access to all other Loa, and he allows the " crossing " of bad luck, delibrate destruction, misfortune and injustices ( Haiti: List of Loa ).
Despite the healthy fear with which the worshipers ( and even the Loa themselves ) regard him, he is also viewed as a necessary evil ; there must always be a Kalfu to balance Legba, and a force of overwhelming creativity and expression, even if that expression often takes horrifying forms.
In Haitian Vodou, Simbi ( also Sim ' bi ) is a large and diverse family of serpent Loa ( Vodoun spirit ) from the West Central Africa / Kongo region.
Some prominent Simbi Loa include Simbi Dlo ( also Simbi d ' l ' eau-Simbi of the Water ), Simbi Makaya, Simbi Andezo ( Simbi of Two Waters ), and Gran Simba.
The Ainapo Trail he used to climb Mauna Loa is also known as " Menzies Trail ".< ref name =" nrhpinv2 ">
It acts as a " beacon " for the Loa ( also spelled Lwa )-a type of spirit, sometimes referred to as " angel ", and will serve as a loa's representation during rituals.
He released The Beat Assassinated in 1998, which contained cameos from underground rappers, and also released The Loa Project vol, 2 and various DJ Mixes during 98-02.
Loa and known
Loa sits besides the only source of water known as Spring Creek, which springs up to the north where today is located the State fish hatchery.
Lyman was originally known as East Loa.
In return, the US gained lands in the area known as Puu Loa for what became known as the Pearl Harbor naval base.
Carbon dioxide measurements at the Mauna Loa observatory in Hawaii are made with a type of infrared spectrophotometer called a capnograph by, John Tyndall, its inventor in 1864, but now known as a nondispersive infrared sensor.
Since 1956 Mauna Loa Observatory ( MLO ) has been monitoring and collecting data relating to atmospheric change, and is known especially for the continuous monitoring of atmospheric carbon dioxide ( CO < sub > 2 </ sub >), which is sometimes referred to as the Keeling Curve.
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