Logrolling is the process by which politicians trade support for one issue or piece of legislation in exchange for another politician ’ s support, especially by means of legislative votes ( Holcombe 2006 ).

Logrolling will not occur during presidential elections, where a vast voting population necessitates that individual votes have little political power, or during secret ballot votes ( Buchanan and Tullock 1962 ).

Logrolling depends on the reality that the marginal benefit ( or utility ) of at least some of the elected officials, or the citizenry, will increase when the legislation is passed ( Buchanan and Tullock 1962 ).

Distributive Logrolling, the final type of logrolling, enables policymakers to achieve their public goals.

Logrolling is the trading of favors, or quid pro quo, such as vote trading by legislative members to obtain passage of actions of interest to each legislative member.

There are three types of logrolling: logrolling within a Direct Democracy, Implicit Logrolling, and Distributive Logrolling.

Implicit Logrolling is characteristic of the modern democratic process.

Distributive Logrolling is the most prevalent kind of logrolling found in a democratic system of governance.

Logrolling has one necessary condition: benefits from the public activity must be significantly more concentrated or localized than the costs.

In the 1980s, Spy Magazine ran a regular feature called " Logrolling in Our Time " which exposed writers who wrote blurbs for one another's books.

Logrolling ( log birling or just birling ), is a sport that originated in the lumberjack / log driver tradition of the northeastern United States and Canada, involving logs in a river ( traditionally ) or other body of water.

This was controversially done in large part by the successful leadership skills of Springfield's representatives, one of whom was Abraham Lincoln, who was accused of a type of bullying called Logrolling.

The word `` binomial '' means `` of two names '' or `` of two terms '', and both usages apply in our work: the first to the names of the two outcomes of a binomial trial, and the second to the terms P and Af that represent the probabilities of `` success '' and `` failure ''.

There were two methods that could have been used for conducting the study within the resources available: ( 1 ) interviews in depth with a few selected companies, and ( 2 ) the more limited interrogation of a large number of companies by means of a mail questionnaire.

Practically all the people of Laos, he explained -- about two million of them -- are rice farmers, and the means and motives of modern war are as strange to them as clocks and steel plows.

Heaven, acting through the Tao, expressed itself by means of the workings of two basic principles, the Yin and the Yang.

In its simplest form, ANOVA provides a statistical test of whether or not the means of several groups are all equal, and therefore generalizes t-test to more than two groups.

For this reason, ANOVAs are useful in comparing two, three, or more means.

of means and variances, dividing two variances and comparing the ratio

Compound comparisons typically compare two sets of groups means where one set has two or more groups ( e. g., compare average group means of group A, B and C with group D ).

* One-way ANOVA is used to test for differences among two or more independent groups ( means ), e. g. different levels of urea application in a crop.

When there are only two means to compare, the t-test and the ANOVA F-test are equivalent ; the relation between ANOVA and t is given by F = t < sup > 2 </ sup >.

Old Norse askr literally means " ash tree " but the etymology of embla is uncertain, and two possibilities of the meaning of embla are generally proposed.

There are only two specific exercises practiced separately ; the first is lying semi-supine ; resting in this way uses " mechanical advantage " as a means of releasing cumulative muscular tension.

Mordell's theorem had an ad hoc proof ; Weil began the separation of the infinite descent argument into two types of structural approach, by means of height functions for sizing rational points, and by means of Galois cohomology, which was not to be clearly named as that for two more decades.

( As a side effect, this provision means that MPs seeking to resign from parliament can get around the age-old prohibition on resignation by obtaining a low-salary sinecure in the pay of the Crown ; while several offices have been used for this purpose, two are currently in use.

* Applesoft could be extended by two means: the ampersand (&) command and the USR () function.

This means that in most real-world setups where machines are added a few at a time, only one or two tries are needed before the address effectively become constant.

Section two deals with the idea of revelation, and what it means for one to be a prophet.

It is difficult to tell what the SPD defeat in the federal politics means for the state elections, as both big parties did well in some but not in others.

In 2000, the Clothier report noted that " over the centuries Jersey has had many parties, by which one means only a coming together of like minds to achieve a particular objective.

It claimed that " marshallization " must be resisted and prevented by any means, and that French and Italian communist parties were to take maximum efforts to sabotage the implementation of the Plan.

Another reason that law enforcement agencies use machine pistols in hostage rescue situations is that the low-powered pistol ammunition loses its energy quickly, which means that the bullets are less likely to go through walls and injure innocent parties.

In most circumstances the mere fact that parties are willing to mediate means that they are ready to " move " their position.

Bismarck's motive was a demonstration of the willingness of the German government to lessen the hardship experienced by the German workers as a means of weaning them away from the various left-wing parties, most importantly the Social Democrats.

The standardization for the means by which cases are brought, parties are informed, evidence is presented, and facts are determined is intended to maximize the fairness of any proceeding.

This means that it is likely to lead to the representation of a small number of larger parties in an assembly, rather than a proliferation of small parties.

South Korea had maintained its commitment to democratize its political processes and this was the first transfer of the government between parties by peaceful means.

Treaties can be loosely compared to contracts: both are means of willing parties assuming obligations among themselves, and a party to either that fails to live up to their obligations can be held liable under international law.

They tend to serve a means to advocate policies that eventually are adopted by the two major political parties.

One is the result of the " fusion " ( or an alliance very much like fusion ) of the weak parties, and the other is the " elimination " of weak parties by the voters, by which he means that voters gradually desert the weak parties on the grounds that they have no chance of winning.

“ It is however, especially necessary that all parties concerned should adopt for themselves a proper moral outlook on the use of these media, especially with respect to certain questions that have been vigorously aired in our day … This means that in both the search for news and in reporting it, there must be a full respect for the laws of morality and for the legitimate rights and dignity of the individual .”

Automatic ballot access means that no petitions need be filed to gain access to a ballot line for statewide and special elections, and parties may designate candidates through their own conventions.

It was therefore extremely difficult for currency to serve as a means of exchange for inter-regional parties.

" Even though other political parties had opposed the struggle and the British had employed ruthless means of suppression, the Quit India movement was " by far the most serious rebellion since that of 1857 ," as the viceroy cabled to Winston Churchill.

Following the wars of 1948, 1956, 1967 and 1973, the functions of the observers changed in the light of changing circumstances, but they remained in the area, acting as go-betweens for the hostile parties and as the means by which isolated incidents could be contained and prevented from escalating into major conflicts.

The Iranian side has expressed eagerness to know if this means that all Irano – Russian and – Soviet agreements are void, entitling Iran to claim territorial sovereignty over lands lost to Russia by treaties that the parties still consider vivant.

It recognises a negative right of a people not to be deprived of its means of subsistence, and imposes an obligation on those parties still responsible for non-self governing and trust territories ( colonies ) to encourage and respect their self-determination.

Some groups may reserve amusement parks or other activity centers for an entire day of fun and celebration, while others may hold public Eid parties in mosques as a means of outreach to the larger non-Muslim society.

The significant amount of vacation travel, and travel back to family homes, means that Christmas Eve is also frequently linked to social events and parties, worldwide.