Long-lived technetium isotopes produced commercially are by-products of fission of uranium-235 in nuclear reactors and are extracted from nuclear fuel rods.

Long-lived radioactive waste from the back end of the fuel cycle is especially relevant when designing a complete waste management plan for spent nuclear fuel ( SNF ).

* On Long-lived Persons, a list of Italians who had passed the age of 100, taken from the Roman censuses.

Long-lived cormous plants vary in their long-term development.

Long-lived Magikarp are able to utilize their immense splashing power to leap high enough to jump mountains.

Long-lived Kujira was thirteen advisories short of the longest-lived Western Pacific tropical cyclone on record, Typhoon Rita of 1972, and three shy of Typhoon Opal ( 1967 ).

Long-lived, the Mark 2 was available in estate, hatchback, saloon and cabriolet versions.

Long-lived excited states are often called metastable.

Long-lived nuclear isomers and singlet oxygen are two examples of this.

Long-lived seed stores in soil is also common in these woodlands.

Long-lived adults form the overwhelming majority of the population aboard Mia's ship.

* Long-lived, shade-tolerant tree species associations ( e. g., sugar maple, American beech, yellow birch, red spruce, eastern hemlock, white pine )

At least seventeen finds of Papaver somniferum from Neolithic settlements have been reported throughout Switzerland, Germany, and Spain, including the placement of large numbers of poppy seed capsules at a burial site ( the Cueva de los Murciélagos, or " Bat cave ," in Spain ), which have been carbon-14 dated to 4200 BCE Numerous finds of Papaver somniferum or Papaver setigerum from Bronze Age and Iron Age settlements have also been reported.

With the anomalous exception of two grains from Iraq ed-Dubb, the earliest carbon-14 date for einkorn wheat remains at Abu Hureyra is 7800 to 7500 years BC.

Many naturally-occurring radioisotopes ( another 51 or so, for a total of about 339 ) exhibit still shorter half-lives than 80 million years, but they are made freshly, as daughter products of decay processes of primordial nuclides ( for example, radium from uranium ) or from ongoing energetic reactions, such as cosmogenic nuclides produced by present bombardment of Earth by cosmic rays ( for example, carbon-14 made from nitrogen ).

An important example is carbon-14, produced from nitrogen-14 in the atmosphere by cosmic rays.

The age of the groundwater determined by carbon-14 and chlorine-36 measurements combined with hydraulic modelling ranges from several thousand years for the recharge areas in the north to nearly 2 million years in the south-western discharge zones.

This is used in chemical and biological research, in a technique called carbon labeling: carbon-14 atoms can be used to replace nonradioactive carbon, in order to trace chemical and biochemical reactions involving carbon atoms from any given organic compound.

From 1939 to 1940, Slotin collaborated with Earl Evans, the head of the university's biochemistry department, to produce radiocarbon ( carbon-14 and carbon-11 ) from the cyclotron.

Based on artifacts found buried by sand blow deposits and from carbon-14 studies, previous large earthquakes like those of 1811 – 1812 appear to have happened around AD 1450 and around AD 900, as well as approximately AD 300.

Samples of charred wood were taken from beneath the meteorite fragments and analyzed for carbon-14 composition.

If the methoxy-PBDEs in the whale had come from artificial ( human-made ) sources, they would have contained only carbon-12 and no carbon-14 due to the fact that virtually all PBDEs that are produced artificially use petroleum as the source of carbon ; all carbon-14 would have long since completely decayed from that source.

In making the case for the anomaly, he gathered and interpreted data from a wide variety of sources, including first-hand accounts from extant historical observations of the Sun going back to the telescopic observations of Galileo and other contemporary scientists of the 17th and early 18th centuries ; from historical reports of the aurora borealis observed in past centuries in Europe and the New World ; from visual observations of sunspots seen with the unaided eye at sunrise and sunset in dynastic records from the Orient ; from existing descriptions of the eclipsed Sun ; and from measurements of carbon-14 in dated tree-rings.

These excavations revealed the existence of five levels of different restorations, including a palisade from the Neolithic Era ( dated with carbon-14 ).

Also, an increase in the solar wind or the Earth's magnetic field above the current value would depress the amount of carbon-14 created in the atmosphere.

Libby estimated that the radioactivity of exchangeable carbon-14 would be about 14 disintegrations per minute ( dpm ) per gram of pure carbon, and this is still used as the activity of the modern radiocarbon standard .< ref > In 1960, Libby was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry for this work.

The short-range beta emission from carbon-14 could be easily detected, and he determined that the radiation hazard was acceptable as " you would have to eat 136, 000 such cheques for it to have any effect on you ".

The work of the archaeologist in determining the paleocontext and relative sequence of the layers is supplemented by the efforts of the geologic specialist in identifying layers of rock over geologic time, of the paleontological specialist in identifying bones and animals, of the palynologist in discovering and identifying plant species, of the physicist and chemist in laboratories determining dates by the carbon-14, potassium-argon and other methods.

The beehives were dated by carbon-14 radiocarbon dating at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands, using organic material ( wheat found next to the beehives ).

To rule out a biogenic origin for the methane, a future probe or lander hosting a mass spectrometer will be needed, as the isotopic proportions of carbon-12 to carbon-14 in methane could distinguish between a biogenic and non-biogenic origin.

1: Formation of carbon-14 2: Decay of carbon-14 3: The " equal " equation is for living organisms, and the unequal one is for dead organisms, in which the C-14 then decays ( See 2 ).

When carbon-14 tested, these findings together with the human skeletal remains were found to date as far back as the 12th century A. D. All this prove that this part of the island now known as Escalante was inhabited by settlers with a relatively developed culture who were engaged in some form of trade and commerce with the outside world, such as the Chinese traders who could have brought the jarlet, stoneware and celadon pieces during the Ages of Contacts and Trade with the East ( 11th & 12th centuries A. D .)

Radiocarbon dating estimates the age of formerly living things by measuring the proportion of carbon-14 isotope in their carbon content.

The releases of carbon dioxide into the biosphere as a consequence of industrialization have also depressed the proportion of carbon-14 by a few percent ; conversely, the amount of carbon-14 was increased by above-ground nuclear bomb tests that were conducted into the early 1960s.

After ~ 100, 000 years all the carbon-14 present in the original organic material will have undergone radioactive decay leaving only carbon-12.

A product made from biomass will have a relatively high level of carbon-14, while a product made from petrochemicals will have no carbon-14. The percentage of renewable carbon in a material ( solid or liquid ) can be measured with an accelerator mass spectrometer.

For example, trace ( but detectable ) amounts of carbon-14 (< sup > 14 </ sup > C ) are continually produced in the atmosphere by cosmic rays impacting nitrogen atoms, and argon-40 (< sup > 40 </ sup > Ar ) is continually produced by the decay of primordially occurring but unstable potassium-40 (< sup > 40 </ sup > K ).

For the two different forms of urea, different instrumentation is required ; carbon-14 is normally measured by scintillation.

These dates were established by a variety of radiometric dating techniques, including samarium-neodymium ( Sm-Nd ), rubidium-strontium ( Rb-Sr ), potassium-argon ( K-Ar ), and carbon-14.

According to carbon-14 dates, it is more than five hundred years older than the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt, and predates Stonehenge by about a thousand years, as well as predating the Mycenaean culture of ancient Greece.

The cycle was discovered by Melvin Calvin, James Bassham, and Andrew Benson at the University of California, Berkeley by using the radioactive isotope carbon-14.

A variety of methods were used to determine the antiquity of the cranial remains, including chemical bone analysis ( nitrogen and fluorine tests ), geological analysis ( stratigraphic, carbon-14, and volcanic ash composition tests ), contextual association with faunal remains, and contextual association with lithic artifacts dated by obsidian hydration.

The radioactive carbon-14 in successive growth increments of a single tree that had been killed by a TBJ pyroclastic flow was measured in detail using accelerator mass spectrometry ; the results supported the date of AD 535 as the year in which the tree died.

* February 27-The radioactive isotope carbon-14 is discovered by Martin Kamen and Sam Ruben at the University of California, Berkeley.

The excavations exposed a small village, covering an area of 12, 000 to 16, 000 m², and which has been dated ( by carbon-14 ) to 7090 BC, for the oldest levels, to 4950 BC for the most recent.