This included a prediction of what is now known as Cherenkov radiation, and inspired his friend George FitzGerald to suggest what now is known as the Lorentz – Fitzgerald contraction.

In an attempt to salvage the aether paradigm, Fitzgerald and Lorentz independently created an ad hoc hypothesis in which motion the length of material bodies changes according to their motion through the aether.

To rescue the hypotheses of a stationary aether, George Francis Fitzgerald and Hendrik Antoon Lorentz introduced length contraction, that is, all bodies contract in the line of motion by the factor.

Also Lorentz ( 1892b ) proposed length contraction independently from Fitzgerald in order to explain the Michelson-Morley experiment.

Before the complete development of general relativity, Arthur Milne offered a cosmology based on Lorentz transformations which had the feature of being applicable to a universe of any scale.

Hendrik Lorentz and George Francis FitzGerald offered within the framework of Lorentz ether theory a more elegant solution to how the motion of an absolute aether could be undetectable ( length contraction ), but if their equations were correct, Albert Einstein's 1905 special theory of relativity could generate the same mathematics without referring to an aether at all.

Furthermore, within CGS, there are several plausible choices of electromagnetic units, leading to different unit " sub-systems ", including Gaussian, " ESU ", " EMU ", and Heaviside – Lorentz.

In 1916, after Einstein completed his foundational work on general relativity, Lorentz wrote a letter to him in which he speculated that within general relativity the aether was re-introduced.

And within the electromagnetic theory of Maxwell and Lorentz one can speak of the " Aether of Electrodynamics ", in which the aether possesses an absolute state of motion.

Just as the Lorentz transformation preserves the proper time, the quantity det Ψ = S < sub > 0 </ sub >< sup > 2 </ sup > − S < sub > 1 </ sub >< sup > 2 </ sup > − S < sub > 2 </ sub >< sup > 2 </ sup > − S < sub > 3 </ sub >< sup > 2 </ sup > is invariant within a multiplicative scalar constant under Jones matrix transformations ( dichroic and / or birefringent ).

In powerful electromagnets, the magnetic field exerts a force on each turn of the windings, due to the Lorentz force acting on the moving charges within the wire.

In Messina he also realized the St. Lorentz Church ( from 1552, destroyed in the earthquake of 1783 ), the Lantern Tower ( 1555 ) and the Apostolate within the Cathedral ( completed in 1555, destroyed several time by fires and earthquakes, and rebuilt ).

In standard field theory, there are very strict and severe constraints on marginal and relevant Lorentz violating operators within both QED and the Standard Model.

Lorentz National Park was listed as a natural World Heritage Site in 1999, however an area of about 1, 500 km² was excluded from listing due to the presence of mining exploration titles within the park.

Torque is produced by the principle of Lorentz force, which states that any current-carrying conductor placed within an external magnetic field experiences a force known as Lorentz force.

Like all electric motors or generators, torque is produced by the principle of Lorentz force, which states that any current-carrying conductor placed within an external magnetic field experiences a torque or force known as Lorentz force.

CGS-emu ( or " electromagnetic cgs ") units are one of several systems of electromagnetic units within the centimetre gram second system of units ; others include cgs-esu, Gaussian units, and Lorentz – Heaviside units.

However, the theory that was created by him later in 1906 was incorrect and not self-consistent, and the Lorentz transformation was absent within his theory as well.

Contrary to Lorentz and Poincaré it was noticed by Cohn, that within Lorentz's theory the separation of " real " and " apparent " coordinates is artificial, because no experiment can distinguish between them.

However, Max Abraham ( 1904 ) quickly noted a defect of that theory: Within a purely electromagnetic theory the contracted electron-configuration is unstable and one has to introduce non-electromagnetic force to stabilize the electrons-Abraham himself questioned the possibility of including such forces within the theory of Lorentz.

Abraham ( 1904 ) argued ( as described in the preceding section # Lorentz transformation ), that non-electrical binding forces were necessary within Lorentz's electrons model.

This theory is based on principles like the equivalence principle, the general principle of relativity, the principle of general covariance, geodesic motion, local Lorentz covariance ( the laws of special relativity apply locally for all inertial observers ), and that spacetime curvature is created by stress-energy within the spacetime.

As a consequence, within Lorentz aether theory the Galilean transformation was replaced by the Lorentz transformation.

The emu-cgs ( or " electromagnetic cgs ") units are one of several systems of electromagnetic units within the centimetre gram second system of units ; others include esu-cgs, Gaussian units, and Lorentz – Heaviside units.

* Standard-Model Extension, general framework for studying the violation of Lorentz and CPT symmetry in field theory

Examples are the effective field theory of Sidney Coleman and Sheldon Lee Glashow, and especially the Standard-Model Extension which provides a general framework for Lorentz violations.

This was further elaborated by Hendrik Lorentz ( 1899, 1904 ) in the framework of Lorentz ether theory.

In the framework of his theory, Lorentz calculated, like Heaviside, the contraction of the electrostatic fields.

Larmor and Lorentz, who believed the luminiferous ether hypothesis, were seeking the transformation under which Maxwell's equations were invariant when transformed from the ether to a moving frame.

However, there are some, such as Dean Zimmerman, who have argued that it is possible to accept the physical predictions of relativity while adopting an alternative interpretation of the theory ( For instance, see Lorentz ether theory ) in which there is a single privileged frame whose judgments about length, time and simultaneity are the " true " ones, even though there would be absolutely no empirical way to distinguish this frame from other frames, and no real experience could identify it.

In this case a coherentist would need to explain how special relativity is more coherent than both Newtonian mechanics and the Lorentz ether theory, which explanation would lead us on from simple inconsistency.

The stated purpose of these experiments was to verify the time dilation effect, predicted by Larmor – Lorentz ether theory, due to motion through the ether using Einstein's suggestion that Doppler effect in canal rays would provide a suitable experiment.

This was in connection with the Lorentz ether theory and the electron theory of that time, in which the electrical constitution of matter was assumed.

: 1904 – Hendrik Lorentz publishes a new theory of moving bodies, without discarding the stationary ( electromagnetic ) ether concept.

Not so well known is the fact that in 1908 Walter Ritz produced a lengthy criticism of Maxwell-Lorentz electromagnetic theory, in which he contended that the theory's connection with the luminescent ether ( see Lorentz ether theory ) made it " essentially inappropriate to express the comprehensive laws for the propagation of electrodynamic actions.

This contradictory situation was resolved by the works of Hendrik Antoon Lorentz ( 1895, 1904 ) whose Lorentz ether theory banished any form of aether dragging, and finally with the work of Albert Einstein ( 1905 ) whose theory of special relativity doesn't contain the aether as a mechanical medium at all.

In addition, in Lorentz's theory ( which is nowadays called Lorentz ether theory ) the Galilean transformation was replaced by the Lorentz transformation.

Lorentz introduced a strict separation between matter ( electrons ) and ether, whereby in his model the ether is completely motionless, and it won't be set in motion in the neighborhood of ponderable matter.

As Max Born later said, it was natural ( though not logically necessary ) for scientists of that time to identify the rest frame of the Lorentz ether with the absolute space of Isaac Newton.

According to the theories of Fresnel and Lorentz a relative motion to an immobile ether had to be determined by this experiment, however, the result was negative.

Based on that result and to bring the hypothesis of an immobile ether in accordance with the Michelson – Morley experiment, George FitzGerald in 1889 ( qualitatively ) and independently of him Lorentz in 1892 ( already quantitatively ) suggested that not only the electrostatic fields, but also the molecular forces are affected in such a way that the dimension of a body in the line of motion is less by the value than the dimension perpendicularly to the line of motion.