However, Hendrik Antoon Lorentz ( 1895 ) modified Fresnel's theory and showed that those experiments can be explained by a stationary aether as well:

Lorentz showed that an attractive force between charged particles ( which might be taken to model the elementary subunits of matter ) would indeed arise, but only if the incident energy were entirely absorbed.

In 1912 Struik entered University of Leiden, where he showed great interest in mathematics and physics, influenced by the eminent professors Paul Ehrenfest and Hendrik Lorentz.

However, Lorentz ( 1886 ) showed Michelson's calculations were wrong and that he overestimated the accuracy of the measurement.

In addition, Lorentz showed that Stokes ' completely dragged aether lead to contradictory consequences, and therefore he supported an aether theory similar to Fresnel's.

He demonstrated in more detail the group characteristics of the transformation, which he called the Lorentz group, and he showed that the combination is invariant.

Laue also showed that non-electrical forces are needed to ensure the proper Lorentz transformation properties, and for the stability of matter – he could show that the " Poincaré stresses " ( as mentioned above ) are a natural consequence of relativity theory so that the electron be a closed system.

Lorentz showed that there is no paradox if one considers that in one system only one clock is used, while in the other system two clocks are necessary.

Pascual Jordan and Wolfgang Pauli showed in 1928 that quantum fields could be made to behave in the way predicted by special relativity during coordinate transformations ( specifically, they showed that the field commutators were Lorentz invariant ).

Although he argued that Lorentz succeeded in creating a theory which complies to the postulate of relativity, he showed that Lorentz's equations of electrodynamics were not fully Lorentz covariant.

He spoke literally of " the postulate of relativity ", he showed that the transformations are a consequence of the principle of least action ; he demonstrated in more detail the group characteristics of the transformation, which he called Lorentz group, and he showed that the combination is invariant.

Lorentz showed that an attractive force between charged particles would indeed arise, if it is assumed that the incident energy is entirely absorbed.

However, Lorentz showed that the theory is not concerned by Laplace's critique, because due to the structure of the Maxwell equations only effects in the order v < sup > 2 </ sup >/ c < sup > 2 </ sup > arise.

In this paper, by examining the fundamental meanings of the space and time coordinates used in physical theories, Einstein showed that the " effective " coordinates given by the Lorentz transformation were in fact the inertial coordinates of relatively moving frames of reference.

Lorentz could also show, that the sensibility of the apparatus was much too low to observe such an effect.

‪ File: Hendrik Antoon Lorentz. jpg ‬| Hendrik Lorentz ( 1853 – 1928 ): clarified electromagnetic theory of light, shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with Pieter Zeeman for the discovery and theoretical explanation of the Zeeman effect, developed concept of local time, derived the transformation equations subsequently used by Albert Einstein to describe space and time .‬‬‬

File: Pieter Zeeman. jpg | Pieter Zeeman ( 1865-1943 ): shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with Hendrik Lorentz for discovering the Zeeman effect ( splitting a spectral line into several components in the presence of a static magnetic field )

This is similar to a radio antenna, but with the difference that, in theory, the relativistic speed will change the observed frequency due to the Doppler effect by the Lorentz factor,.

Other biomarkers now looked at to provide better contrast include temperature, acidity / alkalinity ( pH ), calcium-sensitive agents, neuronal magnetic field, and the Lorentz effect.

The Aharonov – Bohm effect illustrates the physicality of electromagnetic potentials, Φ and A, whereas previously it was possible to argue that only the electromagnetic fields, E and B, were physical and that the electromagnetic potentials, Φ and A, were purely mathematical constructs ( Φ and A being non-unique, in addition to not appearing in the Lorentz Force formula ).

This effect is described precisely by the Lorentz transformation.

The stated purpose of these experiments was to verify the time dilation effect, predicted by Larmor – Lorentz ether theory, due to motion through the ether using Einstein's suggestion that Doppler effect in canal rays would provide a suitable experiment.

In 1922 Lorentz first examined Martin Knudsen's investigation on rarefied gases and in connection with that he discussed Le Sage's particle model, followed by a summary of his own electromagnetic Le Sage model-but he repeated his conclusion from 1900: Without absorption no gravitational effect.

Taking the Lorentz transformation of the wave vector is one way to derive the relativistic Doppler effect.

** Lorentz factor, Doppler effect

It is the same thing with MHD accelerators, and high Hall effect MHD aerodynes must be disk-shaped, so the electric discharges in the plasma ( streamers ) can swirl freely around axis, for the Lorentz forces J × B to be centrifugal.

( By 1900 Lorentz could account for the Fizeau effect, but by that time his theory had evolved to a form where in effect it was mathematically equivalent to special relativity.

Independently of Larmor, also Lorentz ( 1899 ) extended his transformation for second order terms and noted a ( mathematical ) Time Dilation effect as well.

Lorentz theoretically explained the Zeeman effect on the basis of his theory, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1902.

) With the help of this concept Lorentz could explain the aberration of light, the Doppler effect and the Fizeau experiment ( i. e. measurements of the Fresnel drag coefficient ) by Hippolyte Fizeau in moving and resting liquids as well.

While for Lorentz length contraction was a real physical effect, he considered the time transformation only as a heuristic working hypothesis and a mathematical stipulation to simplify the calculation from the resting to a " fictitious " moving system.

So according to Darrigol Poincaré understood local time as a physical effect just like length contraction-in contrast to Lorentz, who used the same interpretation not before 1906.

More advanced analyses of their data are currently being undertaken by the MiniBooNE collaboration ; early indications are pointing towards the existence of the sterile neutrino, an effect interpreted by some physicists to be hinting of the existence of the bulk or Lorentz violation.

It is also known, especially among physicists, as the Lorentz distribution ( after Hendrik Lorentz ), Cauchy – Lorentz distribution, Lorentz ( ian ) function, or Breit – Wigner distribution.

The American film critic Pare Lorentz defines a documentary film as " a factual film which is dramatic.

In classical electromagnetism, the electromagnetic field obeys a set of equations known as Maxwell's equations, and the electromagnetic force is given by the Lorentz force law.

After important contributions of Hendrik Lorentz and Henri Poincaré, in 1905, Albert Einstein solved the problem with the introduction of special relativity, which replaces classical kinematics with a new theory of kinematics that is compatible with classical electromagnetism.

The way in which charges and currents interact with the electromagnetic field is described by Maxwell's equations and the Lorentz force law.

In some models of broken Lorentz symmetry, it is postulated that the symmetry is still built into the most fundamental laws of physics, but that spontaneous symmetry breaking of Lorentz invariance shortly after the Big Bang could have left a " relic field " throughout the universe which causes particles to behave differently depending on their velocity relative to the field ; however, there are also some models where Lorentz symmetry is broken in a more fundamental way.

If Lorentz symmetry can cease to be a fundamental symmetry at Planck scale or at some other fundamental scale, it is conceivable that particles with a critical speed different from the speed of light be the ultimate constituents of matter.

Lorentz symmetry violation is expected to become stronger as one gets closer to the fundamental scale.

In this approach the physical vacuum is viewed as the quantum superfluid which is essentially non-relativistic whereas the Lorentz symmetry is not an exact symmetry of nature but rather the approximate description valid only for the small fluctuations of the superfluid background.

In the language of symmetry: where gravity can be neglected, physics is Lorentz invariant as in special relativity rather than Galilei invariant as in classical mechanics.

Locally, as expressed in the equivalence principle, spacetime is Minkowskian, and the laws of physics exhibit local Lorentz invariance.

where m is the mass of the particle, c is the speed of light in a vacuum, is the Lorentz factor, and v is the velocity of the particle regardless of wave behavior.