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Lothair was unable to visit Rome immediately as Germany was rocked by the rebellion of the Hohenstaufen brothers, with Conrad Hohenstaufen elected anti-king in December 1127, followed by his descent into Italy and his crowning as King of Italy at Monza on 29 July 1128.
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Lothair and was
Her first marriage, at the age of fifteen, was to the son of her father's rival in Italy, Lothair II, the nominal King of Italy ; the union was part of a political settlement designed to conclude a peace between her father and Hugh of Provence, the father of Lothair.
In 947, Adelaide was married to King Lothair II of Italy.
Two of his sons – Charles the Bald and Louis the German – swore allegiance to each other against their brother – Lothair I – in the Oaths of Strasbourg, and the empire was divided among Louis's three sons ( Treaty of Verdun, 843 ).
Louis was one of Charlemagne's three legitimate sons to survive infancy, including his twin brother, Lothair.
* Lothair was proclaimed and crowned co-emperor in Aachen by his father.
At Worms in 829, Louis gave Charles Alemannia with the title of king or duke ( historians differ on this ), thus enraging his son and co-emperor Lothair, whose promised share was thereby diminished.
Lothair was pardoned, but disgraced and banished to Italy.
At Jonac, he declared Charles king of Aquitaine and deprived Pepin ( he was less harsh with the younger Louis ), restoring the whole rest of the empire to Lothair, not yet involved in the civil war.
Lothair was, however, interested in usurping his father's authority.
While Louis was at Worms gathering a new force, Lothair marched north.
The humiliation to which Louis was then subjected at Notre Dame in Compiègne turned the loyal barons of Austrasia and Saxony against Lothair, and the usurper fled to Burgundy, skirmishing with loyalists near Chalon-sur-Saône.
Lothair was given the choice of which partition he would inherit and he chose the eastern, including Italy, leaving the western for Charles.
According to Nithard's version, both kings first made the same preamble speech, which was a detailed complaint against Lothair.
The Concordat of Worms, which Honorius II helped to draft and which Emperor Lothair III was forced to comply with for Papal support
This was a coup for Honorius, as such a confirmation had never occurred before, and around July 1126 Honorius invited Emperor Lothair to Rome to obtain the imperial title.
Lothair was keen to keep Honorius on his side, keeping to the terms of the Concordat of Worms by not attending episcopal elections, agreeing that the investiture should only occur after the bishop ’ s consecration, and that the oath of homage be replaced with an oath of fidelity.
Conrad found little help in Italy and with Honorius ’ support, Lothair was able to keep his throne.
One of the key ecclesiastical advisors of Lothair III was Saint Norbert of Xanten, who travelled to Rome in early 1126 to seek the formal sanction from Honorius to establish a new monastic order, the Premonstratensian Order ( also known as the Norbertines ), which Honorius agreed to do.
Over time, however, Papal dependence on the Holy Roman Emperor was loosened through the quarrels of Louis the Pious and his sons, the future emperor Lothair I, Pepin I of Aquitaine and Louis the German.
When the war between father and sons resumed in Easter 833, Gregory was approached by Lothair, seeking his intervention to bring about reconciliation between Lothair and his father.
Lothair and unable
Generations of kings of France and Germany were unable to establish a firm rule over Lothair ’ s kingdom.
The Bertiniani and Xantenses annals record how Lothair, though aware of the outrage, was unable to stop it, and the Vikings left Frisia laden with booty and captives.
Lothair and Rome
At Lothair ’ s request, Cardinal Gherardo and two bishops then sent word to Rome to obtain Honorius ’ confirmation of the election, which he granted.
He was convinced to leave Rome and travel up to join Lothair, in hopes that his intervention would promote peace, but in practice this action annoyed the Frankish bishops who followed Louis, who believed that Gregory was actively supporting Lothair.
However, according to Andreas Agnellus, George tried to bribe Lothair to make his archbishopric independent of Rome, and was captured at the Battle of Fontenoy.
Emperor Louis the Pious accordingly sent his son Lothair to Rome to strengthen the Frankish influence.
Seemingly before Lothair left Rome, there arrived ambassadors from Emperor Louis and from the Greeks concerning the image question.
Somewhat naive concerning the complex power struggle between the papacy and the empire, Lothair also consented to several symbolic acts that were subsequently interpreted by Rome as signaling acceptance of papal confirmation of his position.
Anacletus II offered Lothair the Imperial crown, but in the end Innocent II gained his support, and he promised to escort the new pope back to Rome.
In 823, Paschal crowned and anointed Lothair I as King of Italy, which set the precedent for the pope ’ s right to crown kings, and to do so in Rome.
In 875, after the death of the Emperor Louis II ( son of his half-brother Lothair ), Charles the Bald, supported by Pope John VIII, traveled to Italy, receiving the royal crown at Pavia and the imperial insignia in Rome on 29 December.
The next year, Lothair III came down to Rome for his imperial coronation.
The Emperor Louis II took up the cause of the deposed bishops, while King Lothair advanced upon Rome with an army and laid siege to the city, so that the pope was confined for two days in St. Peter's without food.
The logic of the division was that Lothair had the allegiance of Italy, which had been his sub-kingdom under Louis the Pious, and that, as emperor, he should rule in Aachen, the capital of the first Carolingian emperor, Charlemagne, and in Rome, the ancient capital of emperors.
An attack on Rome by the emperor was without result, and in 865 Lothair, threatened with excommunication and convinced that Louis and Charles at their recent meeting had discussed the partition of his kingdom, again took back his wife.
An attack on Rome by the emperor was without result, and in 865 Lothair, threatened with excommunication and convinced that Louis and Charles at their recent meeting had discussed the partition of his kingdom, again took back his wife.
One of them was Lothair, and his realm, reaching from Frisia to Rome, was called Lotharingia.
He accompanied Louis's son, Lothair, on his expedition to Rome in 824, on which occasion the latter took part in the conflict over the election of Pope Eugene II.
Lothair and immediately
Lothair immediately made use of his new authority to side with Farfa Abbey in its lawsuit against the Roman Curia, forcing the Papal administration to return properties which had been misappropriated.
Lothair and Germany
However, Innocent insisted on Bernard's company when he met with Lothair III of Germany.
As the Welf duke Henry the Proud, son-in-law and heir of Lothair and the most powerful prince in Germany, who had been passed over in the election, refused to acknowledge the new king, Conrad III deprived him of all his territories, giving the Duchy of Saxony to Albert the Bear and that of Bavaria to Leopold IV, Margrave of Austria.
Lothair III of Supplinburg ( 9 June 1075, Unterlüß – 4 December 1137 ), was Duke of Saxony ( 1106 ), King of Germany ( 1125 ), and Holy Roman Emperor from 1133 to 1137.
Lothair took advantage of Conrad's expedition into Italy and his lack of resources by attacking the Staufens in Germany.
The force Lothair took with him into Italy in 1132 was not strong, due to his leaving troops in Germany to prevent the Hohenstaufen from revolting.
Lothair III is thus seen as a successor of Emperor Lothair I ( ruled 843 – 855 ) and King Lothair II of Lotharingia ( ruled 855 – 869 ), most of whose kingdom was eventually absorbed into Germany.
However, because Lothair II was not Emperor and did not rule Germany proper, some historians do not count him in the German sequence and thus call Lothair of Supplinburg Lothair II rather than Lothair III.
Over the next two years, he failed to achieve anything in Italy, however, and returned to Germany in 1130, after Nuremberg and Speyer, two strong cities in his support, fell to Lothair in 1129.
As Henry the Proud, son-in-law and heir of Lothair and the most powerful prince in Germany, who had been passed over in the election, refused to do the same, Conrad deprived him of all his territories, giving the Duchy of Saxony to Albert the Bear and that of Bavaria to Leopold IV, Margrave of Austria.
In 1130 he was again appointed legate to Germany by Pope Innocent II, where he was instrumental in convincing Lothair III to make two expeditions to Italy for the purpose of protecting Pope Innocent II against the Antipope Anacletus II.
In 1127 he was married to Gertrude, the only child of Lothair III, King of Germany, whose marriage and inheritance Henry's father had been promised as reward for his changing to support Lothair in the royal election of 1125.
In August 978, Lothair invaded Germany and captured the imperial capital of Aachen, but failed to capture either Otto or Charles.
To evade an assault by Hugh's liensmen, he, forewarned by the king's young son Lothair, had to flee to the court of King Otto I of Germany.
He proclaimed independence from the Holy Roman Emperor Lothair III, but was defeated by King Conrad III of Germany and forced to relinquish all his lands east of the Jura.
Charles the Bald was given ' West Francia ', which would later become France, Louis the German received the eastern lands, which would later become Germany, and Lothair I was given ' Middle Francia ', which consisted of Lotharingia, Provence and northern Italy.
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