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Lyell and Hooker

Lyell was also a friend of Darwin's closest colleagues, Hooker and Huxley, but unlike them he struggled to square his religious beliefs with evolution.

Lyell and Hooker were instrumental in arranging the peaceful co-publication of the theory of natural selection by Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in 1858: each had arrived at the theory independently.

Lyell and Hooker agreed that a joint paper should be presented at the Linnean Society, and on 1 July 1858, the papers entitled On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties ; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection, by Wallace and Darwin respectively, were read out but drew little reaction.

When Darwin received Alfred Russel Wallace's paper which described natural selection, Hooker and Charles Lyell arranged for a joint reading of papers by Darwin and Wallace to the Linnean Society.

On the morning of the 29th he acknowledged Hooker's letters, writing " I cannot think now ", then that night he read the letters, and though " quite prostrated ", got his servant to take to Hooker Wallace's essay, the letter to Asa Gray and the Essay of 1844, leaving matters in the hands of Lyell and Hooker.

On the afternoon of 30 June Mrs. Hooker copied out extracts from the handwritten documents they had just received from Darwin, then that evening Lyell and Hooker handed them in to the secretary with a covering letter.

Bell had introduced discussions at the end of meetings, but there was no discussion of natural selection, perhaps because of the amount of business that had been dealt with, or possibly due to polite reluctance to speak out against a theory which the eminent Lyell and Hooker were supporting.

The paper consisted of a communication letter by Joseph Dalton Hooker and Charles Lyell dated 30 June 1859, giving information on the three sections of the papers.

Huxley was a close friend of the family, and whilst still a child Ray met Hooker, Henfry, Clifford, Gosse, Owen, Forbes, Carpenter, Lyell, Murchison, Henslow and Darwin.

They were presented by Darwin ’ s close allies, the geologist Charles Lyell and the botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker.

Darwin found three close allies: Charles Lyell, Joseph Dalton Hooker and Thomas Huxley.

He left matters in the hands of Lyell and Hooker, writing " Do not waste much time.

Lyell and Hooker agreed on a joint paper to be presented at the Linnean Society – Lyell, Hooker and Darwin were all fellows of the society and council members, and Hooker had been closely involved in reviving the fortunes of the society and running its journal.

At the last minute, late in the evening of 30 June, Lyell and Hooker forwarded the Wallace and Darwin papers to the Secretary John Joseph Bennett, to be read at the meeting the next day.

Mrs. Hooker had spent the afternoon copying out extracts from the handwritten documents Darwin had sent with his letter of the previous night, presumably chosen by Hooker to suit the verbal presentation, and Lyell and Hooker wrote a short introductory letter.

Lyell and had

Lyell had private means, and earned further income as an author.

The book went through six editions, eventually growing to two volumes and ceasing to be the inexpensive, portable handbook that Lyell had originally envisioned.

Lyell, a devout Christian, had great difficulty reconciling his beliefs with natural selection.

" This restated the Scottish Enlightenment concept which David Hume had put in 1777 as " all inferences from experience suppose ... that the future will resemble the past ", and Charles Lyell memorably rephrased in the 1830s as " the present is the key to the past ".

Sir Charles Lyell introduced this term in 1839 to describe strata in Sicily that had at least 70 % of their molluscan fauna still living today.

This distinguished it from the older Pliocene Epoch, which Lyell had originally thought to be the youngest fossil rock layer.

Gosse believed that he had discovered a theory that might neatly resolve the seeming contradiction in the age of the earth between the evidence of God's Word and the evidence of His creation as expounded by such contemporary geologists as Charles Lyell.

He notes that both A. P. de Candolle and Charles Lyell had stated that all organisms are exposed to severe competition.

The steam locomotives on the Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Company had separate cylinders driving the pinion wheel as do the ' X ' Class locomotives on the Nilgiri Mountain Railway.

The geologist Charles Lyell built upon Hutton's ideas during the first half of 19th century and amassed observations in support of the uniformitarian idea that the Earth's features had been shaped by same geological processes that could be observed in the present acting gradually over an immense period of time.

He was clearly dissociating himself from the new ideas of Charles Lyell which he had accepted during the voyage, and from Darwin's account which embraced these ideas, instead asserting a new commitment under the influence of his very religious wife to the doctrine of the established Church of England.

In the 1900s, Queenstown was the centre of the Mount Lyell mining district and had numerous smelting works, brick-works, and sawmills.

The town in its heyday had a collection of hotels, churches and schools that have all significantly reduced since the demise of the Mount Lyell company.

Although according to Charles Lyell, Cuvier made this statement after a late party and apparently had some doubts when reconsidering the matter when he awoke, fresh in the morning.

Alistair Burt re-entered parliament at the 2001 General Election for the very safe Conservative seat of Bedfordshire North East which had been represented in parliament by the former Attorney General Nicholas Lyell who had retired.

Although the Lyell Highway passes through it, the catchment area of the river has never had any significant European settlement.

Charles Lyell not only confirmed the enormous geological time periods of the stratifications, but indicated that the chalk plateau of Picardy, France had once been connected to the chalk lands of Kent, England and that the Strait of Dover or Pas de Calais was the recent result of very long term complex erosion forces.

By that time geologists had abandoned a literal biblical account of Earth's development and it was generally thought that the end of the last glacial period marked the first appearance of humanity, but Lyell drew on new findings to put the origin of human beings much further back in the deep geological past.

Around 1825 both Lyell and Sedgwick had supported William Buckland's Catastrophism which postulated diluvialism to reconcile findings with the Biblical account of Noah's ark, but by 1830 evidence had shown them that the " diluvium " had come from a series of local processes.

On 20 February 1836, Herschel had written to Lyell praising his Principles of Geology as opening a way for bold speculation on " that mystery of mysteries, the replacement of extinct species by others.

The Rosebery mines passed into the hands of the Mount Lyell Mining and Railway company in 1916, and the mines were eventually merged with the Electrolytic Zinc Company of Australasia ( EZ ), who had discovered an effective method for the extraction of zinc.

Lyell and decided

Charles Darwin was a follower of Lyell's theory of uniformitarianism and decided to expand upon Lyell ’ s theory with a quantitative estimate to determine if there was enough time in the history of the earth to uphold his principles of evolution.

Four years later the president of the Society, George Bellas Greenough, decided to attack Lyell ’ s theories.

In 1911 the Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Company decided to make more extensive use of electricity in its smelting operations in the mining town of Queenstown, on Tasmania's west coast.

Lyell and on

" He quotes Charles Lyell as saying " Continents, therefore, although permanent for whole geological epochs, shift their positions entirely in the course of ages " and claims that the first to throw doubt on this was James D. Dana in 1849.

The crater Lyell on the Moon and a crater on Mars were named in his honour.

Lyell asked Robert FitzRoy, captain of HMS Beagle, to search for erratic boulders on the survey voyage of the Beagle, and just before it set out FitzRoy gave Darwin Volume 1 of the first edition of Lyell's Principles.

On the return of the Beagle ( October 1836 ) Lyell invited Darwin to dinner and from then on they were close friends.

Lyell, in contrast focused on recent earthquakes ( 150 yrs ), evidenced by surface irregularities such as faults, fissures, stratigraphic displacements and depressions.

Lyell first received a copy of one of Lamarck's books from Mantell in 1827, when he was on circuit.

In the second volume of the first edition of Principles Lyell explicitly rejected the mechanism of Lamark on the transmutation of species, and was doubtful whether species were mutable.

Edinburgh is also home to a flourishing group of contemporary composers such as Nigel Osborne, Peter Nelson, Lyell Cresswell, Hafliði Hallgrímsson, Edward Harper, Robert Crawford, Robert Dow and John McLeod whose music is heard regularly on BBC Radio 3 and throughout the UK.

Restatements of his geological ideas ( though not his thoughts on evolution ) by John Playfair in 1802 and then Charles Lyell in the 1830s popularised the concept of an infinitely repeating cycle, though Lyell tended to dismiss Hutton's views as giving too much credence to catastrophic changes.

It enclosed twenty pages describing an evolutionary mechanism, a response to Darwin's recent encouragement, with a request to send it on to Lyell if Darwin thought it worthwhile.

Gould expounded on similar propositions in Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle ( 1987 ), stating that Lyell conflated two different types of propositions: a pair of methodological assumptions with a pair of substantive hypotheses.

Anning's correspondents included Charles Lyell, who wrote her to ask her opinion on how the sea was affecting the coastal cliffs around Lyme, as well as, Adam Sedgwick — one of her earliest customers — who taught geology at the University of Cambridge and who numbered Charles Darwin among his students.

Intrigued by the ideas of gradual formation of landscapes set out in Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology, he wrote to Lyell on 20 February 1836 praising the book as a work which would bring " a complete revolution in subject, by altering entirely the point of view in which it must thenceforward be contemplated.

A strong environmentalist, he engaged in peaceful civil disobedience to block logging of old-growth forests at Lyell Island in Haida Gwaii in 1985 and at Clayoquot Sound on the west coast of Vancouver Island in 1993.

Access from the south ( Lake St. Clair ) is usually from Derwent Bridge on the Lyell Highway.

In 1908 he was awarded the Lyell Medal, in 1911 made a Fellow of the Royal Society, and from 1920 to 1922 served as the President of the Geological Society of London, dying on 15 July 1936.

Malthus on population, James Hutton and Lyell on geology, Darwin's Voyage of the Beagle, and above all, the anonymous Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, which put evolution into everyday discussion amongst literate folk.

The British naturalist Charles Darwin, combining the biogeographical approach of Humboldt, the uniformitarian geology of Lyell, Thomas Malthus's writings on population growth, and his own morphological expertise, created a more successful evolutionary theory based on natural selection ; similar evidence led Alfred Russel Wallace to independently reach the same conclusions.

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