There, in the Free Territory, they fought in the civil war against the Whites ( a Western-backed grouping of monarchists and other opponents of the October Revolution ) and then the Bolsheviks as part of the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine led by Nestor Makhno, who established an anarchist society in the region for a number of months.

There, in the Free Territory, they fought in the civil war against the Whites ( a grouping of monarchists and other opponents of the October Revolution ) and then the Bolsheviks as part of the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine led by Nestor Makhno, who established an anarchist society in the region for a number of months.

Anarchist militants were arrested ; even the Black Army and its general, Nestor Makhno, was hunted down at the orders of Leon Trotsky, determined to cleanse Russia of all anarchists with " an iron broom ".

Due in part to the impressive personality and charisma of Makhno, all Ukrainian anarchist detachments and peasant guerrilla bands in the region subsequently became known as Makhnovists ().

In the name of ‘ class struggle ’ his troops with particular enthusiasm robbed Jews of whatever they had .” This would be in the spirit of standards of behaviour which Makhno promoted for his troops, which called for war against " the rich bourgeoisie of all nationalities " be they Russian, Ukrainian or Jewish, as well as his explicit order not to beat or rob " peaceful Jews ".

# Makhno's anarchist army and state had no free elections to the general command staff, with all commanders up to company commander appointed by Makhno and the Anarchist Revolutionary War Council ;

Within two weeks, Makhno and the Black Army had recaptured all of the southern Ukraine.

However, the facts bear witness that Makhno really did release " in all four directions " captured Red Army soldiers.

Makhno escaped, but was soon forced into retreat as the full weight of the Red Army and the Cheka's Special Punitive Brigades was brought to bear against not only the Makhnovists, but all anarchists, even their admirers and sympathizers.

Makhno had Jewish comrades and friends ; and like Symon Petliura, he issued a proclamation forbidding pogroms .” The book goes on to claim that " the anarchist leader could not or did not impose discipline on his soldiers.

Makhno and his movement repeatedly attempted to reorganize life in the Gulai-Polye region along anarchist-communist lines, however, the disruptions of the civil war precluded any long term social experiments.

While Makhno and the anarchists were willing to assist in ejecting Wrangel and White Army troops from southern Ukraine and Crimea, they distrusted the Bolshevist government in Moscow and its motives.

The Cheka was also used against the armed anarchist Black Army of Nestor Makhno in the Ukraine.

During the Russian Revolution, anarchists such as Nestor Makhno worked to create and defend — through the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine — anarchist communism in the Free Territory of the Ukraine from 1919 before being conquered by the Bolsheviks in 1921.

Nestor MakhnoIn Ukraine the anarcho-communist guerrilla leader Nestor Makhno led an independent anarchist army in Ukraine during the Russian Civil War.

A commander of the peasant Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine, also known as the Anarchist Black Army, Makhno led a guerrilla campaign opposing both the Bolshevik " Reds " and monarchist " Whites ".

During the Russian Revolution, anarchists such as Nestor Makhno worked to create and defend-through the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine-anarchist communism in the Free Territory of the Ukraine from 1919 before being conquered by the Bolsheviks in 1921.

During the Russian Revolution, anarchists such as Nestor Makhno worked to create and defend — through the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine — anarchist communism in the Free Territory of the Ukraine from 1919 before being conquered by the Bolsheviks in 1921.

Free from international war, the Red Army confronted an internecine war with a loose alliance of anti-Communist forces, comprising the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine, the " Black Army " led by Nestor Makhno, the anti-White and anti-Red Green armies, and others.

More significant was the emergence of an anarchist political and military movement known as the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine or the Anarchist Black Army led by Nestor Makhno.

Both men were liberated by the Revolution in 1917, and in 1919, Arshinov joined Makhno and became involved in cultural and educational work in the area controlled by the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine.

Anarchist warlords Nestor Makhno, leader of Free Territory, and his ally Maria Nikiforova operated in Ukraine.

In 1918, Nestor Makhno organized new chapters of the Anarchist Black Cross as an adjunct to his anarchist Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine or Black Army in the territories of Ukraine which they controlled.

Tachanka used by Makhno on display in Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine.

Nestor Ivanovych Makhno or Bat ' ko (" Father ") Makhno (, ; October 26, 1888 ( N. S. November 8 ) – July 6, 1934 ) was a Ukrainian anarcho-communist revolutionary and the commander of an independent anarchist army in Ukraine during the Russian Civil War.

As commander of the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine, more commonly referred to as the Makhnovshchina, Makhno led a guerrilla campaign during the Russian Civil War.

Although Makhno considered the Bolsheviks a threat to the development of an anarchist Free Territory within Ukraine, he twice entered into military alliances with them to defeat the White Army.

Nestor Makhno was born into a poor peasant family in Huliaipole, Yekaterinoslav Governorate in the Novorossiya region of the Russian Empire ( now Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine ).

In 1918, after recruiting large numbers of Ukrainian peasants, as well as numbers of Jews, anarchists, naletchki, and recruits arriving from other countries, Makhno formed the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine, otherwise known as the Anarchist Black Army.

In emigration, Makhno came to believe that anarchists would only have a future in Ukraine if they Ukrainianized and he stated that he regretted that he was writing his memoirs in Russian and not in Ukrainian.

Vladimir Lenin soon sent Lev Kamenev to Ukraine, who conducted a cordial interview with Makhno.

* 1888 – Nestor Ivanovich Makhno, Ukrainian anarchist ( d. 1934 )

** Nestor Makhno, Ukrainian anarchist ( b. 1889 )

* Nestor Makhno, Ukrainian anarchist.

Mennonite colonies were targeted by Makhno because, as owners of prosperous farms and estates, they were considered kulaks-wealthy farmers that exploited the labour of the surrounding, mostly Ukrainian, peasantry.

Significantly, during the Russian civil war, the Merkaz or Central Committee of the Zionist Organization in Russia regularly reported on many armed groups committing pogroms against Jews in Russia, including the Whites, the Russian Ukrainian ' Green ' nationalist Nikifor Grigoriev ( later shot by Black Army troops on Makhno's orders ) as well as Red Army forces, but did not accuse Makhno or the anarchist Black Army of directing pogroms or other attacks against Russian Jews.

By late 1920, Makhno had successfully halted General Wrangel's White Army advance into Ukraine from the southwest, capturing 4, 000 prisoners and stores of munitions, and preventing the White Army from gaining control of the all-important Ukrainian grain harvest.

After refusing a direct order by the Bolshevik government to disband his anarchist army, Makhno intercepted three messages from Lenin to Christian Rakovsky, the head of the Bolshevik Ukrainian Soviet based in Kharkiv.

In August 1921, an exhausted Makhno was finally driven by Mikhail Frunze's Ukrainian Red forces into exile with the remainder of his anarchist army, fleeing to Romania, then Poland, Danzig, Berlin and finally to Paris.

* Frank Sysyn, " Nestor Makhno and the Ukrainian Revolution ," in Taras Hunchak, ed., The Ukraine, 1917-1921: A Study in Revolution, 1977.

It is reported that Schwartzbard told famous fellow anarchist leader Nestor Makhno in Paris that he was terminally ill and expected to die, and that he would take Petliura with him ; Makhno forbade Schwartzbard to do so .< ref > http :// www. gpu. ua / index. php ?& id = 113694 & eid = 131 ( in Ukrainian )</ Nestor Makhno forbade Schwartzbard to Shoot Petlura </ ref >

Yakir took part in actions against the White forces of Nikolai Yudenich in defense of Petrograd, in suppression of Ukrainian anarchist guerrilla forces of Nestor Makhno, and in the Polish-Soviet War.

He took part in the Russian Civil War, at first in the Ukrainian anarchist organization Nabat, then ( from August 1919 ) in the army of Nestor Makhno.

Grigoriev together with his brigade became now part of the Red Army 1st Trans-Dnieper Riflemen Division ( later expanded to the 6th Ukrainian Rifle Division ), while Nestor Makhno led his troops as another brigade of that division and Pavel Dybenko who commanded the division was in charge of another brigade.