He is possibly also the Nibhurrereya of the Amarna letters, and likely the 18th dynasty king Rathotis who, according to Manetho, an ancient historian, had reigned for nine years — a figure that conforms with Flavius Josephus's version of Manetho's Epitome.

Josephus writes that she reigned for twenty-one years and nine months, while Africanus states her reign lasted twenty-two years, both of whom were quoting Manetho.

This information validates the basic reliability of Manetho's kinglist records since Hatshepsut's known accession date was I Shemu day 4, ( i. e.: Hatshepsut died 9 months into her 22nd year as king, as Manetho writes in his Epitome for a reign of 21 years and 9 months ).

But when 814 BCE was taken as Pygmalion ’ s seventh year, the dates for his father and grandfather, as based on the best texts of Josephus / Manetho, were not compatible with his grandfather being on the throne in 841 BCE and giving tribute to Shalmaneser in that year.

One of the experts was one of the Eumolpidae, the ancient family from whose members the hierophant of the Eleusinian Mysteries had been chosen since before history, and the other was the scholarly Egyptian priest Manetho, which gave weight to the judgement both for the Egyptians and the Greeks.

Josephus identifies the Israelite Exodus with the first exodus mentioned by Manetho, when some 480, 000 Hyksos " shepherd kings " ( also referred to as just ' shepherds ', as ' kings ' and as ' captive shepherds ' in his discussion of Manetho ) left Egypt for Jerusalem .< ref name = " AA1: 86 – 90 "> Josephus, Flavius, < cite > Against Apion </ cite >, 1: 86 – 90 .</ ref > The mention of " Hyksos " identifies this first exodus with the Hyksos period ( 16th century BC ).

Manetho states Djoser ruled Egypt for twenty-nine years, while the Turin King List states it was only nineteen years.

Manetho, many centuries later, alludes to architectural advances of this reign, mentioning that " Tosorthros " discovered how to build with hewn stone, in addition to being remembered as the physician Aesculapius, and for introducing some reforms in the writing system.

Manetho incorrectly considered him to be the founder of the 19th dynasty, and gave him a reign length of 55 years, though no evidence has ever been found for so long a reign.

According to Manetho, Menes reigned for 62 years and was mauled to death by a hippopotamus.

: In the kinglist summaries from the third century BC historian Manetho, this is a group of 70 kings ruling 70 days: there is no evidence for this-it may be a later literary metaphor for chaos at the end of the Sixth Dynasty, chaos for which there is also no direct contemporary evidence.

Egyptologist Donald B. Redford has suggested that these were ancestors of the Hyksos dynasty, later misconstrued as belonging to the names of Egyptian kings in Manetho ( due to confusion between the Egyptian words for " Hyksos " and " Xois ").

Manetho, a historian and priest from the Ptolemaic era, describes 70 kings who ruled for 70 days.

According the Manetho and the Turin King List, he was succeeded by his son Merenre Nemtyemsaf II, who reigned for just over a year.

Amenemhat I built a new capital for Egypt, known as Itjtawy, thought to be located near the present-day el-Lisht, although the chronicler Manetho claims the capital remained at Thebes.

The Egyptian priest Manetho assigns him a reign of 16 months, but this pharaoh certainly ruled Egypt for a minimum of 17 months based on his highest known date which is a Year 2 II Peret day 20 ( Louvre C57 ) stela which ordered the provision of new endowments of food and priests for the temple of Ptah within the Egyptian fortress of Buhen.

He was equated with the Waphres of Manetho, who correctly records that he reigned for 19 years.

His ancestors were Libyans who had settled in Egypt during the late New Kingdom, probably at Herakleopolis Magna, though Manetho claims Shoshenq himself came from Bubastis, a claim for which no supporting physical evidence has yet been discovered.

The problem with a close study of Manetho, despite the reliance of Egyptologists on him for their reconstructions of the Egyptian dynasties, is that not only was Aegyptiaca not preserved as a whole, it also became involved in a bitter battle between advocates of Egyptian, Jewish, and Greek histories in the form of supporting polemics.

This implies that Manetho derived the primary sources for his Epitome from a local city's temple library in the Delta Region which was under the control of the Tanite based Dynasty 21 and Dynasty 22 kings.

In his Against Apion, the 1st-century CE historian Josephus Flavius debates the synchronism between the Biblical account of the Exodus of the Israelites from Egypt, and two Exodus-like events that the Egyptian historian Manetho apparently mentions.

The outlines of the traditional account of the " invasion " of the land by the Hyksos is preserved in the Aegyptiaca of Manetho, who records that during this time the Hyksos overran Egypt, led by Salitis, the founder of the Fifteenth Dynasty.

The outlines of the traditional account of the " invasion " of the land by the Hyksos is preserved in the Aegyptiaca of Manetho, an Egyptian priest who wrote in the time of Ptolemy II Philadelphus.

It is speculated that Manetho wrote at the request of Ptolemy I or II to give an account of the history of Egypt to the Greeks from a native's perspective.

Manetho should not be judged on the factuality of his account, but on the approach he took to recording history, and in this, he was as successful as Herodotus and Hesiod.

The first is Manetho's account of the expulsion of the Hyksos ( the name is given by Manetho ) and their settlement in Judea, where they found the city of Jerusalem.

The ancient Greek Manetho called Hotepsekhemwy Boëthôs ( apparently altered from the name Bedjau ) and reported that during this ruler's reign " a chasm opened near Bubastis and many perished ".

It is possible that memories of these events were distortedly reported in the third century BCE by the Hellenistic Egyptian historian and priest, Manetho, who claimed that a certain Egyptian priest from Heliopolis called Osarseph, led leprous Asiatics out of Egypt, in an Exodus later reportedly that of Moses.

This ruler became known through a tragic legend handed down by ancient Greek historian Manetho, who reported that a calamity of some sort occurred during Semerkhet's reign.

Some anti-Judean allegations ascribed by Josephus to the Greek writer Apion, and myths accredited to Manetho are also addressed.

" In addition to the Judeo-Roman or Judeo-Hellenic historians Artapanus, Eupolemus, Josephus, and Philo, a few non-Jewish historians including Hecataeus of Abdera ( quoted by Diodorus Siculus ), Alexander Polyhistor, Manetho, Apion, Chaeremon of Alexandria, Tacitus and Porphyry also make reference to him.

According to Josephus / Manetho, it was during Pygmalion ’ s seventh year that Dido fled from Tyre.

It is difficult to distinguish between what Manetho himself recounted, and how Josephus or Apion interpret him.

* c. 1700-1550 BC: According to Manetho ( via Josephus ' Against Apion ), the Hyksos invade the region

In Greek, the earliest fragments ( the Carthage inscription and Flavius Josephus ) write his name as Μανεθων Manethōn, so the rendering of his name here is given as Manetho ( the same way that Platōn is rendered " Plato ").

The earliest surviving attestation to Manetho is that of Josephus ' Contra Apionem, " Against Apion " nearly 4 centuries after Aegyptiaca was written.

Even here, it is clear that Josephus did not have the originals, and constructed a polemic against Manetho without them.

# The archives of the most ancient races — the Egyptians, Chaldaeans, and Phoenicians — need to be opened, and their citizens must be called upon, through whom knowledge must be provided — a certain Manetho the Egyptian and Berosus the Chaldaean, but also Jerome the Phoenician king of Tyre ; and their followers, too: Ptolemy the Mendesian and Menander the Ephesian and Demetrius the Phalerean and king Juba and Apion and Thallus and the one who either proves or refutes these men, Josephus the Jew.

It is also widely held that the Aegyptiaca, edited by Hellenistic Jews and used by Josephus in his work Contra Apionem, is actually the work written by Manetho and not " Hecataeus of Abdera.

Assuming that Josephus was completely familiar with Manetho's points, Manetho may have simply written a blanket condemnation of all Semitic peoples.

The most famous is by the Egyptian historian Manetho ( 3rd century BCE ), known from two quotations by the 1st century CE Jewish historian Josephus.

Josephus ( not Manetho ) identifies the Hyksos with the Jews.

His story was recounted by the Ptolemaic Egyptian historian Manetho in his Aigyptiaca ( first half of the 3rd century BC ); Manetho's work is lost, but the 1st century AD Jewish historian Josephus quotes extensively from it.

Josephus then draws the conclusion that Manetho's Hyksos were the Jews of the Exodus, although Manetho himself makes no such connection.

According to Josephus, Manetho described Osarseph as a tyrannical high priest of Osiris at Heliopolis.