He was a son of Peter III of Aragon and his Queen consort Constance of Sicily, daughter and heiress of Manfred of Sicily.

* 1266 – Battle of Benevento: An army led by Charles, Count of Anjou, defeats a combined German and Sicilian force led by King Manfred of Sicily.

Manfred is killed in the battle and Pope Clement IV invests Charles as king of Sicily and Naples.

Charles had defeated Conradin's uncle Manfred, King of Sicily in the Battle of Benevento on 26 February 1266.

Hohenstaufen kings ruled in Sicily from 1194 till Manfred of Sicily was killed in the Battle of Benevento in 1266.

Alexander confirmed the grant in 1255 in return for 2000 ounces of gold per annum, the service of 300 knights for three months when required, and 135, 541 marks to reimburse the pope for the money he had expended attempting to oust Manfred from Sicily.

In this period, the Holy See was engaged in a conflict with Manfred of Sicily, the illegitimate son and designated heir of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, but whom papal loyalists, the Guelfs, called " the usurper of Naples ".

Having defeated and slain Manfred in the great Battle of Benevento, Charles established himself firmly in the kingdom of Sicily at the conclusive Battle of Tagliacozzo, in which Conradin, the last of the house of Hohenstaufen, was taken prisoner.

Any Hohenstaufen in Sicily was bound to have claims over the cities of Lombardy, and as a check to Manfred, Urban IV introduced Charles of Anjou into the equation to place the crown of the Two Sicilies in the hands of a monarch amenable to papal control.

The remainder of Innocent's life was largely directed to schemes for compassing the overthrow of Manfred of Sicily, the natural son of Frederick II, whom the towns and the nobility had for the most part received as his father's successor.

* 1260 – The Sienese Ghibellines, supported by the forces of King Manfred of Sicily, defeat the Florentine Guelphs at Montaperti.

* Manfred of Sicily ( approximate date ; d. 1266 )

* 1260 – September 4 – The forces of King Manfred of Sicily, in league with the Ghibellines, defeat the Guelphs in the Battle of Montaperti.

* 1266 – February 26 – In the Battle of Benevento, an army led by Charles, Count of Anjou, defeats a combined German and Sicilian force led by King Manfred of Sicily.

Manfred is killed in the battle and Pope Clement IV invests Charles as king of Sicily and Naples.

With the usurpation of the Sicilian throne from Conradin by Manfred of Sicily in 1258, the relationship between the Papacy and the Hohenstaufen had changed again.

Historically, the Kingdom of Sicily had at times controlled parts of the eastern Adriatic seaboard, and Manfred possessed the island of Corfu and the towns of Butrinto, Avlona and Suboto, which had formed the dowry of his wife Helena.

The Caliph of Tunis, Muhammad I al-Mustansir had been a vassal of Sicily, but had shaken off his allegiance with the fall of Manfred.

Many Ghibelline officials had fled the Kingdom of Sicily to the court of Peter III of Aragon, who had married Constance, the daughter and heir of Manfred.

News of the reverse caused anti-French riots in Naples, and Roger of Lauria was quick to take advantage of Charles ' captivity to obtain the release of Beatrice, daughter of Manfred of Sicily, then held in Naples.

* December 2 – Manfred of Sicily defeats the army of Pope Innocent IV at Foggia.

* September 4 – The Sienese Ghibellines, supported by the forces of King Manfred of Sicily, defeats the Florentine Guelphs at Montaperti.

* February 26 – Battle of Benevento: The army of Charles, Count of Anjou, defeats a combined German and Sicilian force led by King Manfred of Sicily.

However, Manfred had not lost his nerve and organized a resistance supported by his faithful Saracen troops, setting riots against the new authority.

The He 219 was particularly prone to this ; its high wing loading at the edge of stalling speed, left it unmanouevrable, and the 61-victory night fighter ace Manfred Meurer lost his life 21 / 22 January 1944 when, after shooting down a Handley Page Halifax bomber, his He 219 was rammed by a Bf 110.

* " Semi-detached suburban Mr. James ", written and performed by Manfred Mann, a song about a lost love marrying a philistine living in a small suburban house, released in 1966 ( Fontana TF 757 ), reached No. 2 in the UK charts.

It is possible, however that even during Merneferre Ay's reign that Egypt's unity had been lost since to the emergence of the separate 14th dynasty under Nehesy at Avaris has been dated to " stratum F ( or b / 3 ), corresponding to the late 13th Dynasty " at Tell el-Daba ( Avaris )-- according to the Austrian Egyptologist Manfred Bietak who dates this event to the period around or just after 1710 BC.

The United Nations Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment – Professor Manfred Nowak – on 20 January 2009, remarked on German television that, following the inauguration of Barack Obama as new President, George W. Bush has lost his head of state immunity and under international law the U. S. is now mandated to start criminal proceedings against all those involved in violations of the UN Convention Against Torture.

This includes material from the unreleased ( and thought to be lost ) Manfred Mann Chapter III Volume 3 album and the first Earth Band album, Stepping Sideways.

The Bristol F2A also made its debut with No. 48 Squadron during April, but lost heavily on its very first patrol, with four out of six shot down in an encounter with five Albatros D. IIIs of Jasta 11, led by Manfred von Richthofen.

Even though Formula One had tragically lost rising stars Stefan Bellof and Manfred Winkelhock in separate World Endurance Championship races at Spa-Francorchamps and Mosport ( Canada ), it was still a season to remember.

* Manfred Eigen tells his life story at Web of Stories ( video )

Distinguished biologists, such as Ernst Mayr and Manfred Eigen have seen these informational aspects as one of the emergent features of life as a process that distinguish life from anything else in the physical world, except, perhaps, man-made computers.

In his 1924 edition of The Castle of Otranto, Montague Summers showed that the life story of Manfred of Sicily inspired some details of the plot.

Jerome begs for his son's life, but Manfred says Jerome must either give up the princess or his son's life.

During an engagement near the Somme River on 21 April 1918, Smout was an eyewitness to the final moments in the life and career of the famous German flying ace Manfred von Richthofen ( aka the " Red Baron "), whose aeroplane had landed nearby after he was fatally shot.

Farinata degli Uberti, Boniface VIII, Count Ugolino, Manfred, Sordello, Hugh Capet, St. Thomas Aquinas, Cacciaguida, St. Benedict, and St. Peter, are all so many objective creations ; they stand before us in all the life of their characters, their feelings, and their habits.

Occasional literary references point to the novel and, naturally the classics and we know of family visits especially with Madame Pisani ( of whom he appears to have been extraordinarily fond ) " to view the paintings " He was, presumably, culturally no different to any other highly educated European gentleman. Invitations are to be found among the papers in the Royal Irish Academy-to M. Gounod's " Sappho ", first performed in Paris in 1851, Verdi's " Rigoletto " Il Trovatore ", " La Traviata and Les Vespres Siciliennes ", Schumann's " Manfred "; Donizetti's " Lucia di Lammermoor " and Berlioz ' " The Infant Christ ". Such advanced musical tastes and opportunities usually come early in life and by were presumably instilled in Hortense and Henry by the Pisani's rather than by Haliday's provincial and decidedly dour family. It is worth noting, but no more, that Giacomo Puccini, the Italian opera composer, was born in Lucca, Haliday's other home town in 1859.

* Enzio, legitimate son of Manfred of Sicily by his wife Helena ; he was confined to prison his entire life

The Battle of Benevento was fought near Benevento, in present-day Southern Italy, on February 26, 1266, between the troops of Charles of Anjou and Manfred of Sicily.

Manfred, however, did not take the field against him until January 1266, when Charles ' main army had crossed the Alps.

In 1266 the count Charles I of Anjou, called by the new pope Clement IV, defeated and killed Manfred at Benevento, taking possession of southern Italy: envoys from the Ghibelline cities went then to Bavaria and urged Conradin to come and free Italy.

In 1267 he made the fatal decision to accompany Conradin on his Italian expedition, after Charles of Anjou had been crowned King of Siciliy by Pope Clement IV and killed Conradin's uncle Manfred in the 1266 Battle of Benevento.

Upon Conrad's death in 1254, followed a period of turmoil ; eventually control of the Kingdom of Sicily was seized by Manfred, Frederick's natural son, whose reign lasted from 1258 to 1266.

Charles invaded Italy and defeated and killed Manfred in 1266 at the Battle of Benevento, becoming King of Sicily.

But Manfred fell under Papal sanction and was killed in 1266, when Charles of Anjou conquered his kingdom.

After the death of Frederick, witnessed the dispute about his succession, which ended in 1266 with the battle of Benevento, where Charles of Anjou won against Manfred ; in the public areas of the castle there is still a visible reminiscent of an incision about the presence of a thousand people from Rende deployed against Manfred.

However in September 1261, Manfred organized a new expedition and managed to capture all his dominions in Albania and he kept them until his death in 1266.

* Manfred ( 1232 – 1266 )-king of Sicily

Occasionally used in this way under Manfred of Sicily, the castle become a state prison under the latter's victor, Charles I of Anjou: here Manfred's sons Henry, Azzo and Enzo were kept as prisoner after 1266, as well as other Hohenstaufen supporters