This version of " critical " theory derives from Kant's ( 18th-century ) and Marx's ( 19th Century ) use of the term " critique ", as in Kant's Critique of Pure Reason and Marx's concept that his work Das Kapital ( Capital ) forms a " critique of political economy.

Leszek Kołakowski described Marcuse's views as essentially anti-Marxist, in that they ignored Marx's critique of Hegel and discarded the historical theory of class struggle entirely in favor of an inverted Freudian reading of human history where all social rules could and should be discarded to create a " New World of Happiness ".

Despite Marx's stress on critique of capitalism and discussion of the new communist society that should replace it, his explicit critique of capitalism is guarded, as he saw it as an improved society compared to the past ones ( slavery and feudal ).

The reasons for Marx's widespread influence revolve around his ethical message: with its " morally empowering language of critique " against the dominant capitalist society, no other body of work was so relevant to modern times and simultaneously so outspoken about the need for change.

Its transcendence lay in the workers ' conscious creativity and participation, which is reminiscent of Marx's critique of alienation.

In classical political economy and especially in Karl Marx's critique of political economy, a commodity is an object or a good or service (" product " or " activity ") produced by human labour.

The critique of the spectacle is a development and application of Karl Marx's concept of fetishism of commodities, reification and alienation., and the way it was reprised by György Lukács in 1923.

In a later essay, Debord will argue that his work was the most important social critique since Marx's work.

The term cult of personality comes from Karl Marx's critique of the " cult of the individual "— expressed in a letter to German political worker, Wilhelm Bloss.

Whereas both Marxist-Leninist and Social-Democratic orthodox thinkers viewed Marxism as a new kind of positive science, Frankfurt School theorists, such as Horkheimer, rather based their work on the epistemological base of Karl Marx's work, which presented itself as critique, as in Marx's Capital: A Critique of Political Economy.

The first is a concise critique of the apparent contradictions in Marx's Das Kapital which Jorn uses to prepare the ground for a discussion of how the work of " the creative elite " can have " value " in any future society aligned on communist principles.

In Marx's critique of political economy, any labor-product has a value and a use value, and if it is traded as a commodity in markets, it additionally has an exchange value, most often expressed as a money-price.

Also included was a critique of Marx's exploitation theory.

The philosopher Karl Kautsky ( 1854 – 1938 ) published a partial edition of Marx's surplus-value critique, and later published a full, three-volume edition as Theorien über den Mehrwert ( Theories of Surplus Value, 1905 – 1910 ); the first volume was published in English as A History of Economic Theories ( 1952 ).

For that, he spent his last days writing an ambitious critique of Marx's political philosophy as a by-product of 18th century rationalism that would provide the theoretical framework for this party.

In Karl Marx's critique of the political economy of capitalism, commodity fetishism is the transformation of human relations, derived from the trading of commodities in the market, whereby the social relationships among people are expressed with objectified economic relationships, between the commodities and the money used to buy them.

Marx's philosophy is thus inextricably linked to his critique of political economy and to his historical interventions in the workers ' movement, such as the 1875 Critique of the Gotha Program or The Communist Manifesto, written with Engels ( who was observing the Chartist movement ) a year before the Revolutions of 1848.

Marx's critique of the ideology of the human rights thus departs from the counterrevolutionary critique by Edmund Burke, who dismissed the " rights of Man " in favour of the " rights of the individual ": it is not grounded on an opposition to the Enlightenment's universalism and humanist project on behalf of the right of tradition, as in Burke's case, but rather on the claim that the ideology of economism and the ideology of the human rights are the reverse sides of the same coin.

For the Marxian critique, which is more fundamental, one must start at Marx's distinction from the outset of use value and exchange value, use value being the use somebody has for an object, and exchange value being what an item is traded for on a market.

" Marx's reply was " No more than a manufacturer today ceases to be a capitalist when he becomes a member of the municipal council.

In its ' essence, Marx's theory stated that economic and political systems went through an inevitable evolution in form, by which the current capitalist system would be replaced by a Socialist state before achieving international cooperation and peace in a " Workers ' Paradise ", creating a system directed by, what Marx called, " Pure Communism ".

In Marx's theory, competition, desire and market fluctuations create the striving and pressure to increase the capital stock ; the whole aim of capitalist production is capital accumulation, i. e. business growth maximising net income.

After Marx's death in 1883, Friedrich Engels introduced, from manuscripts and the first volume ; Volume II: The circulation process of capital in 1885 ; and Volume III: The overall process of capitalist production in 1894.

Bernstein pointed out simple facts that he took to be evidence that Marx's predictions were not being borne out: he noted that the centralisation of capitalist industry, while significant, was not becoming wholescale and that the ownership of capital was becoming more, and not less, diffuse.

In Karl Marx's critique of political economy, the law of accumulation refers to the way in which the accumulation of capital necessarily develops in the capitalist mode of production.

In Marx's words, " The real barrier of capitalist production is capital itself ".

Arguably, Asimov's psychohistory departs significantly from Marx's general theory of history based on modes of production ( as distinct from Marx's model of the capitalist economy, where " natural laws " work themselves out with " iron necessity ") in that psychohistory is predictive ( if only in the sense of involving precisely stated probabilities ), and in that psychohistory is extrapolated from individual psychology and even from physics.

The statistical and historical evidence about the Kondratiev waves of capitalist development from the 1830s onwards is certainly favourable to Marx's theory of the rising organic composition of capital.

However, Marx's view was that the expansion of capitalist markets tended to dissolve and displace older ways of producing over time.

Max Weber was strongly influenced by Marx's ideas, but rejected the possibility of effective communism, arguing that it would require an even greater level of detrimental social control and bureaucratization than capitalist society.

Together with Marx's contemporary writings on English politics, the Eighteenth Brumaire is the principal source for our understanding of Marx's theory of the capitalist state.

* Definition of capitalism: scholars often confuse Marx's idea about what is required for the reproduction of the capitalist mode of production ( bringing together the factors of production to make money ) with what is required for the reproduction of capitalist society as a whole.

Some historians believe Anderson was the root source for Marx's critique of capitalist agriculture.

Marx's story of primitive accumulation is best seen as a special case of the general principle of capitalist market expansion.

Marx's concept corresponds roughly with the concept of value added in national accounts, with some important differences ( see below ) and with the proviso that it applies only to the net output of capitalist production, not to the valuation of all production in a society, part of which may of course not be commercial production at all.

In some respects, this is ironic, since Marx's social accounting referred to the capitalist economy, not to a socialist economy.

* It should be emphasized, that Marx's analysis is not an analysis of the " whole capitalist economy ", but only of the capitalist production system which workers had to deal with every working day.

In Marx's theory, a true supply / demand balance in the capitalist economy-which, if it existed at all, would occur only incidentally-would mean that goods sold at their normal production price, but this did not automatically or necessarily mean that they sold at their value.

Delving into the third volume of Marx's Das Kapital, Foster argued ( 1999 ) that environmentalism didn't have to be imported into Marx's thought because Marx himself was the original ' eco-Marxist ' or ( his phrase ) " eco-communist " who wanted to remove the exploitation of the urban factory worker simultaneously with the removal of rural exploitation of the landscape by industrial agriculture, instead of Marx by the end of his life showing a clear preference of the former over the latter.

Outside and against this process of turning of Marxism into an ideology of domination, however, were various revolutionary tendencies which still drew on Marx's work to inform their struggles and which rejected both social-democratic and Marxist-Leninist versions of his theory.

Her brother, Marx's uncle Benjamin Philips ( 1830-1900 ), was a wealthy banker and industrialist, upon whom Karl and Jenny Marx would later often come to rely for loans while they were exiled in London.

Fundamental to Marx's idea of meaningful labour is the proposition that, in order for a subject to come to terms with its alienated object, it must first exert influence upon literal, material objects in the subject's world.

His political theory is based upon an ethics of perfectionism ( as is Marx's, on some readings ).

Marx's early writings portrayed the state as " parasitic ", built upon the superstructure of the economy, and working against the public interest.

Marxian economics has been built upon by many others, beginning almost at the moment of Marx's death.

Andrew Kliman argues that, since internally inconsistent theories cannot possibly be right, the inconsistency charges serve to legitimate the suppression of Marx's critique of political economy and current-day research based upon it, as well as the correction of Marx's alleged inconsistencies.

The profit in Marx's theory is not an " input " ( it is not part of capital advanced ), but a business result, the yield of capital upon investment.

In this way, Benjamin expanded upon Marx's statement on the phantasmagorical powers of the commodity.