The theory shows what Marx called a " coherence " in human history, because each generation inherits the productive forces developed previously and in turn further develops them before passing them on to the next generation.

Shafarevich goes on to note that Marx ' most important postulates are contradicted by reality: " If a socialist state comes into being only under the conditions created by the development of capitalism, if, as Lenin wrote, " socialism originates in capitalism, develops historically from capitalism, and results from the action of a social force that is engendered by capitalism ," then whence did it come and as a result of what social force did it develop in the Inca empire or the states of the ancient Orient?

Marx argues that, as economic exchange develops and markets expand while traditional methods of production are destroyed and replaced by commercial practices, the law of value is modified in its operation.

Marx himself said that the law of value " develops fully only on the foundation of capitalist production ", implying that the law of value already asserted itself before capitalist production, although not fully.

Other Marxists ( including Ernest Mandel, Michael Perelman and the Japanese scholar Kozo Uno ) followed Marx & Engels in believing that the law of value emerges and develops from simple exchange based on simple commodity production.

One of the earliest and most comprehensive accounts of social structure was provided by Karl Marx, who related political, cultural, and religious life to the mode of production ( an underlying economic structure ).

* Marx did not just disregard the many different forms in which workers could be remunerated ( although he acknowledged their existence ) but he provided no comprehensive analysis of the labour market.

Marx wrote this in 1864, i. e. about 70 years or so before the first comprehensive Gross National Product and Capital Formation statistics were pioneered by the likes of Wassily Leontief, Richard Stone, Simon Kuznets and Colin Clark ( the United Nations standard accounting system was first finalised in 1953 ).

Followers of Marx have drawn on his work to propose grand, cohesive theoretical outlooks dubbed " Marxism ".

This is an example of the theoretical thinking shifting the emphasis from faith and theoretical principles such as sovereignty to the socio-economic logic, as Karl Marx did.

To illustrate this theoretical framework, Marx draws on his formulation of base and superstructure.

Marx outlined the transformation problem as a theoretical solution to this discrepancy.

Born in Budapest, Medgyessy studied theoretical economics at the Corvinus University of Budapest ( then called Karl Marx University of Economic Sciences ).

While the PCB finally abandoned the figure of Stalin, PCdoB kept the former Soviet leader as one of its theoretical underpinnings ( alongside Marx, Engels and Lenin ).

Citing Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx, Lenin clarifies theoretical questions about the existence of the State after the proletarian revolution, addressing the arguments of anti-authoritarians, anarchists, social democrats, and reformists, in describing the progressive stages of societal change — the revolution, establishing “ the lower stage of communist society ” ( the socialist commune ), and the “ higher stage of communist society ” that will yield a stable society where personal freedom might be fully expressed.

He published a theoretical work, Socialism since Marx, in 1972.

In his body of work, Avakian attempts to excavate, for critical evaluation, not only the practice of these revolutions, but also many of the fundamental theoretical concepts, from Marx, Lenin and Mao, underlying the strategic thinking and first experiences in making revolution and transforming society.

While maintaining that he has proceeded from the basic framework of communist scientific theory building off of the theoretical foundation chiefly developed by Marx, Lenin and Mao in its first stage, Avakian argues that this represents a major theoretical rupture within that framework.

In other words, the critics allege that Marx drew conclusions that actually do not follow from his theoretical premises.

In the USA, Mattick carried through a more systematic theoretical study, above all of Karl Marx.

To Mattick, Marx ’ s " critique of political economy " became not a purely theoretical matter but rather directly connected to his own revolutionary practice.

The organic composition of capital ( OCC ) is a concept created by Karl Marx in his critique of political economy and used in Marxian economics as a theoretical alternative to neo-classical concepts of factors of production, production functions, capital productivity and capital-output ratios.

There has been a lengthy theoretical and statistical dispute among economists about whether the organic composition of capital really does tend to, or has to rise historically, as Marx predicted, or, to put it differently, whether in aggregate technological progress has a " labor-saving bias ", and causes the average profit rate to decline.

In 1985 they released a statement What we stand for that proclaimed their adherence to the ideas of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Trotsky but emphasized the theoretical contributions of Marx and Engels, Trotskys fight against Stalinism and Lenins " conception of the party, stress on the importance of national liberation struggles and the anti-statism shown in the State and Revolution ".

" In other reviews and correspondence Marx and Engels emphasise over and over the importance of this theoretical work for arming the working class.

Although the term " class struggle " was introduced by Marx / Engels and " aggravation of class struggle " was an expression originally coined by Vladimir Lenin in 1919 to refer to the dictatorship of the proletariat, the theory of " class struggle under socialism " was put forward by Joseph Stalin in 1933 and supplied a theoretical base for the claim that ongoing repression of political opponents is necessary.

Marx discusses the theoretical problem in two main places: the introduction to the Grundrisse manuscript and in chapter 51 of Das Kapital.

One is classical social theory, and especially the social theory of Karl Marx, taken as the most accomplished example of the insights and illusions of that theoretical tradition.

Despite the fact that Hillquit was not a prolific pamphleteer, he did author of a number of substantial books, including a serious academic history of socialism, History of Socialism in the United States ( 1903, revised 1910 — translated into both Russian and German ); works of popularization, such as Socialism in Theory and Practice ( 1909 ) and Socialism Summed Up ( 1912 ); a short theoretical piece, From Marx to Lenin ( 1921 ); as well as a posthumously published memoir, Loose Leaves from a Busy Life ( 1934 ).

" However, Marx also criticized classical materialism as another idealist philosophy due to its transhistorical understanding of material contexts.

Lenin was an advocate of the socio-political theory of Marxism, first developed by the German sociologists Karl Marx ( 1818 – 1883 ) and Friedrich Engels ( 1820 – 1895 ) in the mid-19th century, and Li's articles helped bring an understanding of Marxism to the Chinese revolutionary movement, even though he failed to fully understand it himself.

* Karl Marx: In large part, added the historical dimension to an understanding of society, culture and economics.

For Marx scientific and true knowledge is ' in accordance with the dialectical understanding of history ' and ideological knowledge ' an epiphenomenal expression of the relation of material forces in a given economic arrangement '.

For some writers, such as Karl Marx, the centrality of Europe to an understanding of world history did not imply any innate European superiority, but he nevertheless assumed that Europe provided a model for the world as a whole.

Marx was influential in formalising concepts about composition and music understanding towards the second half of the 19th century.

Marx builds off of four contributions Hegel makes to our philosophical understanding.

A complete understanding of, for example, Lupasco ’ s analysis of those precursors that André Glucksmann has called “ Les Maîtres Penseurs ” – Kant, Hegel, Schopenhauer and Marx – must be sought in several different books.

Stories from Groucho's life from the beginning of the 20th Century conjure up a picture of great poverty and great wealth and give the reader an insight to the phenomenon that was the Marx Brothers and an understanding of their individual relationships with colleagues and friends, and with one another.

His understanding of social movements is inspired by a book on social movements by Lorenz von Stein and Marx.

" Weber's argument can be understood as an attempt to deepen the understanding of the cultural origins of capitalism, which does not exclude the historical materialist origins described by Marx.

Marx emphasized the importance of this analysis indirectly in the first volume of Das Kapital, where he explains early on the importance of the commodity in understanding the effects of capitalism on use-value and surplus value.

Weber had more specific beliefs than Marx where he put value to understanding and meaning of key elements-not just with intuition or sympathy with the individual but also the product of " systematic and rigorous research ".

:: In that case, models of economic reproduction are not a very useful guide to understanding economic crises, because ( it is argued ) Marx only intended them to show how it was possible for the whole economic reproduction process to be accomplished on the basis of the circulation of capital, by stating what would be the minimum requirements ( not equilibrium conditions ) for it.

Carr argued during his lectures that Karl Marx had developed a schema for understanding past, present and the future that reflected the proper and dual role of the historian both to analyse the past and provide a call for action for the present in order to create a better future for humanity.

The only way to transcend the scientific " arbitrariness " to which the young Marx already referred, was by understanding and theorizing the dynamics of the capitalist system as a whole, integrating all the different economic forces at work into a unified, coherent theory that could withstand the test of scientific criticism.

However, Marxist humanists regard this book as one of the most important books of Marx and crucial for understanding his thought, and Marxians also refer to it.

Reflecting Goethe's fundamentally economic understanding of world literature as a process of trade and exchange, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels used the term in their Communist Manifesto ( 1848 ) to describe the " cosmopolitan character " of bourgeois literary production, asserting that