Being himself one of the leaders of the Communist Party of Italy, ( CPI ), his theories had, in turn, been strongly influenced by the German social thinker Karl Marx, and have their ideological roots grounded in Marxist theory of false consciousness and capitalist exploitation.

Marx himself had talked about the " materialist conception of history ", which was later referred to as " historical materialism " by Engels.

Marx himself took care to indicate that he was only proposing a guideline to historical research ( Leitfaden or Auffassung ), and was not providing any substantive " theory of history " or " grand philosophy of history ", let alone a " master-key to history ".

But having abandoned abstract philosophical speculation in his youth, Marx himself showed great reluctance during the rest of his life about offering any generalities or universal truths about human existence or human history.

Marx himself expresses deep critical concerns with this historicist tendency in his Theses on Feuerbach:

Interested in its ideas but repelled by some of its methods, he could never bring himself to accept Karl Marx ’ s writings as revealed scripture.

Marx identified himself as an atheist.

However in 1845, after receiving a request from the Prussian king, the French government agreed to shut down Vorwärts !, and furthermore, Marx himself was expelled from France by the interior minister François Guizot.

Marx devoted himself to two activities: revolutionary organising, and an attempt to understand political economy and capitalism.

However, Marx famously asserted in the eleventh of his Theses on Feuerbach that " philosophers have only interpreted the world, in various ways ; the point however is to change it ", and he clearly dedicated himself to trying to alter the world.

Lenin was an advocate of the socio-political theory of Marxism, first developed by the German sociologists Karl Marx ( 1818 – 1883 ) and Friedrich Engels ( 1820 – 1895 ) in the mid-19th century, and Li's articles helped bring an understanding of Marxism to the Chinese revolutionary movement, even though he failed to fully understand it himself.

Marx saw himself as doing morally neutral sociology and economic theory for the sake of human development.

The ideology was Marxism-Leninism ; this reflected the fact that Stalin himself was not a Communist theoretician, in contrast to Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin, and that he prided himself on maintaining the legacy of Lenin as a founding father for the Soviet Union and the future Communist world.

Marx himself argued that it was the goal of the proletariat itself to displace the capitalist system with socialism, changing the social relationships underpinning the class system and then developing into a future communist society in which: ".. the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all.

His parents were both teachers and activists in a rural area of ANC strength, and Mbeki describes himself as " born into the struggle "; a portrait of Karl Marx sat on the family mantelpiece, and a portrait of Mohandas Gandhi was on the wall.

Mazzini, in turn, described Marx as " a destructive spirit whose heart was filled with hatred rather than love of mankind " and declared that " Despite the communist egalitarianism which preaches he is the absolute ruler of his party, admittedly he does everything himself but he is also the only one to give orders and he tolerates no opposition.

Marx himself, was expelled from Paris by French authorities on February 3, 1845 and settled in Brussels, Belgium with his wife and one daughter.

Little more is known, as Engels destroyed over 1, 500 letters between himself and Marx after the latter's death so as to conceal the details of their secretive lifestyle.

When Louis Bonaparte carried out a coup against the French government and made himself president for life on December 2, 1851, Marx and Engels, like many people, were shocked.

The German political theorist and sociologist Karl Marx ( 1818 – 1883 ) was the primary founder of Marxism, although he himself wrote little about the nature of the dictatorship of the proletariat, with his published works instead largely focusing on analysing and criticising capitalist society.

Harpo himself did a reprise of this scene, dressed in his usual costume, with Lucille Ball also donning the fright wig and trench coat, in the I Love Lucy episode " Lucy and Harpo Marx ".

Fukuyama himself identifies on some level with Marx, but identifies most strongly with the German philosopher Hegel, by way of Alexandre Kojève.

Chico Marx playing cards with himself.

Much as Karl Marx drew radical implications from the ideas of the conservative Hegel, Nearing took the economic logic of his department head, Simon Patten, and made radical inferences about wealth and the distribution of income that his mentor had himself hesitated to draw.

The song was written by J. Swayzee, an avid Blackhawks fan, and produced by the Dick Marx Orchestra and Choir in 1968 and is heard quite often both in vocal and organ renditions during Blackhawks home games.

Karl Marx later takes up that theory in the first volume of " Capital ", while indicating that he is quite aware that the theory is untrue at lower levels of abstraction.

One main work was Marx and Keynes: The Limits of Mixed Economy from 1969, which was translated into several languages and had quite an influence in the post-1968 student movement.

Nevertheless Marx made quite clear his belief that capitalism " overturns all the legal or traditional barriers that would prevent it from buying this or that kind of labour-power as it sees fit, or from appropriating this or that kind of labour " ( Ibid., p. 1013 ).

Dr. Marx, as my idol is called, is still quite a young man ( aged about 24 at most ) and it is he who will give medieval religion and politics their coup de grace, he combines a biting wit with deeply serious philosophical thinking.

In this way, Marx argues, production activities actually become dominated by the values of the products being produced and exchanged (" market forces "), often quite irrespective of what human needs might be, because these product-values determine whether it is " economic " or " uneconomic " to produce and trade particular products.

This more complex debate cannot be dealt with in this article ; it may be noted only that newly industrializing countries to a large extent imitated technical methods used in industrialized countries, and that Marx can hardly be held responsible for all the things done in his name-he had explicitly referred to problems of environmental despoilation quite a number of times, including in Das Kapital.

Nevertheless Marx made quite clear his belief that capitalism " overturns all the legal or traditional barriers that would prevent it from buying this or that kind of labour-power as it sees fit, or from appropriating this or that kind of labour " ( Ibid., p. 1013 ).

Its thinkers were particularly influenced by the failure of the working-class revolution in Western Europe ( precisely where Marx had predicted that a communist revolution would take place ) and by the rise of Nazism in such an economically and technologically advanced nation as Germany.

Marx first defines use-value precisely in A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy ( 1859 ) where he explains that:

According to Marx, in capitalism, improvements in technology and rising levels of productivity increase the amount of material wealth ( or use values ) in society while simultaneously diminishing the economic value of this wealth, thereby lowering the rate of profit — a tendency that leads to the paradox, characteristic of crises in capitalism, of “ poverty in the midst of plenty ,” or more precisely, crises of overproduction in the midst of underconsumption.

He had begun to do so with his Overview of 1831, his Essay on Truth of 1834, a manuscript harder to date precisely but entitled Studies on the revolution, his Prolegomena of 1847 ( the following year Karl Marx issued the Communist Manifesto ).

The dynamic of history according to Marx was shaped precisely by the clash of those interests ( class struggle ), and that clash could not be understood simply in terms of economic self-interest, because it also involved human needs, customs, traditions, morals and values encompassing a whole way of life.

This view of the matter, according to Marx, explained precisely why the concept of the social surplus product had vanished from official economic theory in the mid-19th century – after all, this concept raised the difficult political and juridical question of what entitles some to appropriate the labour and products of others.

The concept is formulated more precisely when Marx considers the reproduction and distribution of the national income ( see e. g. his manuscript called " Results of the Immediate Direct Process of Production ", available in English in the Pelican edition of Das Kapital ), and also online ; and the last chapters of Das Kapital Volume 3 ).

Even if goods sell at an abnormally low or high prices, that abnormality relates to a " normal " referent price, and it is precisely that price which, according to Marx, is constrained by the law of value, i. e. by the proportionalities of human labour-time reflected in the cost structure of products.

Indeed, Marx felt confident about analyzing the commercial tendencies of capitalist development in their " purest form " precisely because he believed those tendencies would ultimately " win through " in the making of economic history, with " iron necessity ".

In defence of the economists, however, it could be noted that Marx never prepared the third volume for publication himself, and did not define his concepts as precisely as he should have-he is therefore at least partly to blame for faulty interpretations of his writing.

Hartsock ( 1983 & 1999 ) argues that women are in precisely the same position as Marx ’ s poor.