Marxist film theory is one of the oldest forms of film theory.

French Marxist film makers, such as Jean-Luc Godard, would employ radical editing and choice of subject matter, as well as subversive parody, to heighten class consciousness and promote Marxist ideas.

Given Pasolini's well-known reputation as an atheist, a homosexual, and a Marxist, the reverential nature of his film was surprising, especially after the controversy of " La ricotta ".

Some Marxist film critics gave the film poor reviews.

The film To Have and Have Not, directed by Howard Hawks, changed the story's setting from Key West to Martinique under the Vichy regime, and made significant alterations to the plot, including getting rid of Hemingway's Marxist overtones, and turning the story into a romantic thriller centering on the sparks going on between Harry Morgan and Marie Browning.

Arnoni ( philosopher, writer, political activist ); Edward Keating ( publisher, Ramparts Magazine ); Felix Greene ( author and film producer ); Isadore Zifferstein ( psychologist ); Stanley Scheinbaum ( Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions ); Paul Jacobs ( journalist and anti-nuclear activist ); Hal Draper ( Marxist writer and a socialist activist ); Levi Laud ( Progressive Labor Movement ); Si Casady ( California Democratic Council ); George Clark ( British Committee on Nuclear Disarmament ); Robert Pickus ( Turn Toward Peace ); Bob Parris and Bob Moses ( Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee ); Jack Barnes ( National Chair of the Young Socialist Alliance ); Mario Savio ( Free Speech Movement ); Paul Potter ( Students for a Democratic Society ); and Mike Meyerson ( national head of the Du Bois Clubs of America ).

Screen theory is a Marxist film theory associated with the British journal Screen in the 1970s.

The film features Marxist literary critic Georg Lukács as the producer of " Monsters ," with Bertolt Brecht ( played by a catfish ) as director.

The film affectionately lampoons several hidebound elements of French political and economic classes, from chubby capitalists and self-important Marxist intellectuals to petty proprietors and drab dilettantes, most of whom find it nearly impossible to free themselves, even temporarily, from their rigid social roles in order to relax and enjoy life.

Apparatus theory, derived in part from Marxist film theory, semiotics, and psychoanalysis, was a dominant theory within cinema studies during the 1970s.

A Marxist until his death, Polonsky publicly objected when director Irwin Winkler rewrote his script for 1991's Guilty by Suspicion, a film about the Hollywood blacklist era, by revising the lead character ( Robert De Niro ) into a liberal, rather than a Communist.

Building momentum from this film onward, Stojković fused his father figure persona he honed in the 1970s with the Marxist nut of Babi Pupuška, and delivered another bravura performance in Goran Paskaljević's elegiac Varljivo leto ' 68 ( The Elusive Summer of ' 68, 1984 ).

The film ’ s story centers on the oft conflictory relationship between a committed Marxist student and a flamboyantly gay artist.

The film also touches upon the rise of anti-humanist poststructuralism in French intellectual life by the mid-1960s, particularly the anti-empiricist ideas of the influential French Marxist, Louis Althusser.

Virtually all political Westerns, Zapata or not, were made from a Marxist point of view, and extensively referenced the fascist regimes of Benito Mussolini in Italy ( under whom most of the film makers had lived ) and Adolf Hitler in Germany.

However, this political restriction is less confining than it may first appear in that the Marxist historical framework is surprisingly flexible, and a rather simple matter to modify an alternative historical theory to use language that at least does not challenge the Marxist interpretation of history.

From the beginning of Communist rule in 1949, until the 1980s, when China was in the early years of economic reform, the focus was largely on peasant life, as interpreted via the officially sanctioned Marxist theory of class struggle.

Modern critical theory arose from the anti-positivist sociology of Max Weber and Georg Simmel, the Marxist theories of György Lukács and of Antonio Gramsci, towards that of the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt.

The concern for a social " base and superstructure " is one of the remaining Marxist philosophic concepts in much contemporary critical theory.

Habermas dissolved further the elements of critical theory derived from Hegelian German Idealism, though his thought remains broadly Marxist in its epistemological approach.

Being himself one of the leaders of the Communist Party of Italy, ( CPI ), his theories had, in turn, been strongly influenced by the German social thinker Karl Marx, and have their ideological roots grounded in Marxist theory of false consciousness and capitalist exploitation.

As did Louis Althusser, who later defined Marxism and psychoanalysis as " conflictual sciences "; that political factions and revisionism are inherent to Marxist theory and political praxis, because dialectical materialism is the philosophic product of class struggle:

Category: Marxist theory

The 20th century saw a remarkable expansion and evolution of critical theory, following on earlier Marxist Theory efforts to locate individuals within larger structural frameworks of ideology and action.

The von Mises theory of money and calculation conflicts directly with Marxist labour theory of value.

Marxist theory allows for the possibility that Labour content can serve as a common means of valuing capital goods, a position now out of favour with economists following the success of the theory of marginal utility.

In the 1960s the Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara developed the foco () theory of revolution in his book Guerrilla Warfare, based on his experiences during the 1959 Cuban Revolution.

More influentially, radical geography emerged in the 1970s and 1980s, drawing heavily on Marxist theory and techniques, and is associated with geographers such as David Harvey and Richard Peet.

Since Marx's time, the theory has been modified and expanded by thousands of Marxist thinkers.

Human beings collectively work on nature but do not do the same work ; there is a division of labor in which people not only do different jobs, but according to Marxist theory, some people live from the work of others by owning the means of production.

Category: Marxist theory

He has drawn upon his knowledge of Western philosophy, Marxist sociology, and radical Islamist political theory to advocate a modern Islamic perspective that does not hesitate to criticize genuine societal ills while simultaneously remaining faithful to the ethical values and spiritual dimensions of religion.

In modern sociological theory, Marxist sociology is recognised as one of the main classical perspectives.

The Marxist scholar Ernest Mandel revived interest in long wave theory with his 1964 essay predicting the end of the long boom after five years and in his Alfred Marshall lectures in 1979.

Many liberal economists believe that the Marxist labor theory of value has been " discredited ".

* von Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen Karl Marx and the Close of His System ( Classic criticism of Marxist economic theory )

Category: Marxist theory

The school has been highly influential in setting the agenda for historiography in France and numerous other countries, especially regarding the use of social scientific methods by historians, emphasizing social rather than political or diplomatic themes, and for being generally hostile to the class analysis of Marxist historiography.

There has been a gradual relaxation of Marxist interpretation after the death of Mao in 1976, which was accelerated after the Tiananmen Square protest of 1989 and Revolutions of 1989, which have damaged Marxism's ideological legitimacy in the eyes of Chinese people.

Whilst critical theorists usually are defined as Marxist intellectuals, their tendency to denounce Marxist concepts, and to synthesise Marxian analysis with other sociologic and philosophic traditions has been attacked as revisionism, by Classical, Orthodox, and Analytical Marxists, and by Marxist-Leninist philosophers.

Like many critical applications, critical psychology has expanded beyond Marxist and feminist roots to benefit from other critical approaches.

In a foreword to his essay Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy ( 1886 ), three years after Marx's death, Engels claimed confidently that " In the meantime, the Marxist world outlook has found representatives far beyond the boundaries of Germany and Europe and in all the literary languages of the world.

While Marxist thought may be used to empower marginalised and dispossessed people, it has also been used to prop up governments who have utilised violence to remove those seen as impeding the revolution.

Since the Marxist revolution in 1978, the city has been a target of foreign-backed militant groups such as the Mujahideen, Taliban, Haqqani network, Hezbi Islami, and others.

As with the anarchists, they too saw the Bolshevik take-over of the soviets ( like that of the trade unions ) as subverting the revolution and beginning the restoration of domination and exploitation ... Over the years this emphasis on working class autonomy has resulted in a reinterpretation of Marxist theory that has brought out the two-sided character of the class struggle and shifted the focus from capital ( the preoccupation of orthodox Marxism ) to the workers ... As a result, not only has there been a recognition that capitalism seeks to subordinate everyone's life ( from the traditional factory proletariat to peasants, housewives and students ) but that all those peoples ' struggles involve both the resistance to this subordination and the effort to construct alternative ways of being.

In The Thief and the Dogs ( 1961 ) he depicted the fate of a Marxist thief, who has been released from prison and plans revenge.

They are, in my opinion, the most outstanding figures ( among the youngest ones ), and the following must be borne in mind about them: Bukharin is not only a most valuable and major theorist of the Party ; he is also rightly considered the favourite of the whole Party, but his theoretical views can be classified as fully Marxist only with great reserve, for there is something scholastic about him ( he has never made a study of the dialectics, and, I think, never fully understood it )...

Christopher Hill, who has contributed Marxist analyses of Puritan concerns that are more respected than accepted, writes of the 1630s, old church lands, and the accusations that Laud was a crypto-Catholic:

While Poulantzas ' work on ' state autonomy ' has served to sharpen and specify a great deal of Marxist literature on the state, his own framework came under criticism for its ' structural functionalism.

* Valentin Voloshinov ( 1895 – 1936 ) was a Soviet / Russian linguist, whose work has been influential in the field of literary theory and Marxist theory of ideology.

The use of semiotic methods to reveal different levels of meaning and, sometimes, hidden motivations has led some like Yale's Harold Bloom to demonise elements of the subject as Marxist, nihilist, etc.

There has been an ongoing, intensely political debate over the nature and status of the canon since at least the 1960s, much of which is rooted in critical theory, feminism, critical race theory, and Marxist attacks against capitalism and classical liberal principles.

However, it has been theorized that the supremacy of the Communist Party means that the Constitution and law are not supreme, and that this perspective is the result of the Marxist view of law as simply a superstructure combined with a lack of recognition of rule of law in philosophical or historical tradition.

Value and price are not equivalent terms in economics, and theorising the specific relationship of value to market price has been a challenge for both liberal and Marxist economists.

Venezuelan Trotskyist organizations do not regard Chávez as a Trotskyist, with some describing him as a bourgeois nationalist and other considering him an honest revolutionary leader who has made major mistakes because he lacks a Marxist analysis.