Marx's clearest formulation of his " Materialist Conception of History " was in the 1859 Preface to his book " A contribution to the Critique of Political Economy ," whose relevant passage is reproduced here:

* 2012, Mind and Cosmos: Why the Materialist Neo-Darwinian Conception of Nature is Almost Certainly False, Oxford University Press.

The doctor's report was that though Coldstream had led " a blameless life ", he was " more or less in the dark on the vital question of religion, and was troubled with doubts arising from certain Materialist views, which are, alas !, too common among medical students ".

Strongly influenced by the Structural Materialist ideas which dominated British artists ’ filmmaking at that time, but also fascinated by the immersive power of narrative and the spoken word, John Smith has developed a body of work which reworks and transforms reality, playfully exploring and exposing the language of cinema.

Work produced by members of the LFMC in the late 1960s and early 1970s has been labelled Structural / Materialist Film.

Different historians apply different weights to each: liberal historians would emphasise the turmoil created by the war, whereas other writers, particularly those influenced by the Materialist conception of history would place their emphasis on the inevitability of change.

* 1970, " Armstrong on the Mind ", Philosophical Review, pp. 394-403 ( a discussion review f A Materialist Theory of the Mind by D. M. Armstrong ).

As a sequel to 1837, Ryerson ’ s French Canada revealed “ the militant spirit of democracy among French Canadians ” in the hopes of uniting “ them with their Anglophone compatriots .” Ryerson did follow a certain “ great man ” approach to history when, in the early chapters, he emphasized the heroes “ who struggled for self-determination and / or Canadian unity ”; this approach was complemented by an emphasis on “ the Quebec masses and their rise out of feudal subjugation toward political power .” Very much the Historical Materialist, Ryerson viewed the previous administrations of Quebec as working with representatives of English Canada and international capitalism to keep Quebec in economic subservience.

# Materialist: the equipment, the techniques of organisation and initiating activities, consideration of concrete situations, and concrete relations.

* In a Materialist Way: Selected Essays ( 1998 ed.

* The Materialist Strategy attempts to explain the basic features of human social life in terms of the practical, material conditions of their existence.

Eventually in 1929, through the help of Gorbunov, he obtained the support of the Society of Materialist Biologists, a group associated with the Communist Academy.

To most philosophers, the word " consciousness " connotes the relationship between the mind and the world.

Although the Chinese Room argument was originally presented in reaction to the statements of AI researchers, philosophers have come to view it as an important part of the philosophy of mind.

The Neo-Platonists and some early Christian philosophers argued about whether existence had any reality except in the mind of God.

While philosophers have generally considered the human mind to include broad faculties, such as reason and lust, evolutionary psychologists describe evolved psychological mechanisms as narrowly focused to deal with specific issues, such as catching cheaters or choosing mates.

Locke's theory of mind is often cited as the origin of modern conceptions of identity and the self, figuring prominently in the work of later philosophers such as Hume, Rousseau and Kant.

Many current and recent philosophers — e. g., Daniel Dennett, Willard Van Orman Quine, Donald Davidson, John Rogers Searle, and Jerry Fodor — operate within a broadly physicalist or materialist framework, producing rival accounts of how best to accommodate mind — functionalism, anomalous monism, identity theory, and so on.

Important philosophers of mind include Plato, Descartes, Leibniz, Kant, Martin Heidegger, John Searle, Daniel Dennett and many others.

Some of the earliest recorded speculations linked mind ( sometimes described as identical with soul or spirit ) to theories concerning both life after death, and cosmological and natural order, for example in the doctrines of Zoroaster, the Buddha, Plato, Aristotle, and other ancient Greek, Indian and, later, Islamic and medieval European philosophers.

Within the Anglo-American tradition, the book is considered by many as being one of the most important philosophical works of the 20th century, and it continues to influence contemporary philosophers, especially those studying mind and language.

Mechanistic thinking was particularly critiqued, especially the industrial-age mechanistic metaphor of the mind from interpretations of Newtonian mechanics by Enlightenment philosophers and later psychologists that laid the foundations of modern organizational theory and management by the late 19th century.

The main aim of philosophers working in this area is to determine the nature of the mind and mental states / processes, and how — or even if — minds are affected by and can affect the body.

These comprise some of the puzzles that have confronted epistemologists and philosophers of mind from at least the time of René Descartes.

In addition, Western philosophers such as Baruch Spinoza, Gottfried Leibniz, Arthur Schopenhauer, Søren Kierkegaard, and Friedrich Nietzsche, developed a western view of the mind which foreshadowed Freud's theories.

Another criticism is that philosophers have used thought experiments ( and other a priori methods ) in areas where empirical science should be the primary method of discovery, as for example, with issues about the mind.

The history of the human mind, as it was called in the eighteenth century, was of great concern to scholars and philosophers, and their efforts can in part be traced to Francis Bacon ’ s call for what he termed a literary history in his The Advancement of Learning.

Forms are not things in the ordinary sense, nor strictly ideas in the mind, but they correspond to what philosophers later called universals, namely an abstract entity common to each set of things that have the same name.

Metaphysicians, and sometimes philosophers of language and mind, ask other questions:

The question whether an emulated brain can be a human mind is debated by philosophers.

Like all Islamic Peripatetics, Ibn Rushd admits the hypothesis of the intelligence of the spheres and the hypothesis of universal emanation, through which motion is communicated from place to place to all parts of the universe as far as the supreme world — hypotheses which, in the mind of the Arabic philosophers, did away with the dualism involved in Aristotle's doctrine of pure energy and eternal matter.

Like all Islamic Peripatetics, Ibn Rushd admits the hypothesis of the intelligence of the spheres and the hypothesis of universal emanation, through which motion is communicated from place to place to all parts of the universe as far as the supreme world — hypotheses which, in the mind of the Arabic philosophers, did away with the dualism involved in Aristotle's doctrine of pure energy and eternal matter.

According to these philosophers, the appropriate states of mind and body were only the occasions for such intervention, not real causes.

As the sacred texts of ancient Hindu and Buddhist philosophy became available in German translations in the 18th and 19th centuries, they influenced philosophers such as Schopenhauer to hold that in a healthy mind only deeds oppress our conscience, not wishes and thoughts ; " for it is only our deeds that hold us up to the mirror of our will "; the good conscience, thought Schopenhauer, we experience after every disinterested deed arises from direct recognition of our own inner being in the phenomenon of another, it affords us the verification " that our true self exists not only in our own person, this particular manifestation, but in everything that lives.

One major focus of Rey's effort is on the attempts of other philosophers of mind to be " eliminativists " or " instrumentalists " with respect to the mental states ( states like beliefs and desires ) that we are subjectively aware of by way of introspection.

Some philosophers maintain that moral relativism entails non-cognitivism.

Some philosophers maintain that the paradox can be resolved if the definition of omnipotence includes Descartes ' view that an omnipotent being can do the logically impossible.

Many philosophers today maintain that Greek philosophy has influenced much of Western thought since its inception.

Some philosophers maintain that a possibility stronger than logical possibility is required and that, while a zombie world is logically possible, such a weak notion is not relevant in the analysis of a metaphysical thesis such as physicalism.

This is because they have seen the most and always keep its memory as close as possible, and philosophers maintain the highest level of initiation.

Other philosophers maintain that norms are ultimately neither true or false, but only successful or unsuccessful ( valid or invalid ), as their propositional content obtains or not ( see also John Searle and speech act ).

Philosophies and philosophers of immanence such as stoicism or pantheism, Spinoza or Deleuze maintain that God is manifested in and fully present in the world and the things in the world.

These philosophers maintain that brain processing acts holistically, that large sections of the brain are involved in processing most cognitive tasks ( see holism in neurology and the modularity section below ).