The modern culture of cognitive science can be traced back to the early cyberneticists in the 1930s and 1940s, such as Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts, who sought to understand the organizing principles of the mind.

McCulloch and Pitts developed the first variants of what are now known as artificial neural networks, models of computation inspired by the structure of biological neural networks.

After the war, his fame helped MIT to recruit a research team in cognitive science, composed of researchers in neuropsychology and the mathematics and biophysics of the nervous system, including Warren Sturgis McCulloch and Walter Pitts.

Many earlier researchers advocated connectionist style models, for example in the 1940s and 1950s, Warren McCulloch, Walter Pitts, Donald Olding Hebb, and Karl Lashley.

It is often called a McCulloch – Pitts neuron.

Later Warren McCulloch also arrived at the University of Chicago, and in early 1942 invited Pitts, who was still homeless, together with Lettvin to live with his family.

In the evenings McCulloch and Pitts collaborated.

A group was established with Pitts, Lettvin, McCulloch, and Pat Wall.

Wiener suddenly turned against McCulloch, on account of his wife Margaret Wiener who hated McCulloch, and broke off relations with anyone connected to him including Pitts.

* Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts, " A Logical Calculus of Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity ", 1943, Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics 5: 115-133.

* Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts, " On how we know universals: The perception of auditory and visual forms ", 1947, Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics 9: 127-147.

* Howland, R., Jerome Lettvin, Warren McCulloch, Walter Pitts, and P. D. Wall, " Reflex inhibition by dorsal root interaction ", 1955, Journal of Neurophysiology 18: 1-17.

* Wall, P. D., Warren McCulloch, Jerome Lettvin and Walter Pitts, " Effects of strychnine with special reference to spinal afferent fibres ", 1955, Epilepsia Series 3, 4: 29-40.

* Jerome Lettvin, Humberto Maturana, Warren McCulloch, and Walter Pitts, " What the Frog's Eye Tells the Frog's Brain ", 1959, Proceedings of the Institute of Radic Engineers 47: 1940-1959

* Humberto Maturana, Jerome Lettvin, Warren McCulloch, and Walter Pitts, " Anatomy and physiology of vision in the frog ", 1960, Journal of General Physiology, 43: 129 — 175

Depending on the specific model used, it can receive different names, such as semi-linear unit, Nv neuron, binary neuron, linear threshold function or McCulloch – Pitts ( MCP ) neuron.

The first artificial neuron was the Threshold Logic Unit ( TLU ) first proposed by Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts in 1943.

McCulloch and Pitts were among the first researchers to introduce a concept similar to finite automaton in 1943.

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This was further developed by the neural model of Walter Pitts and Warren McCulloch.

However, the cornerstones of the generative sciences came from the work on cellular automaton theory by John Von Neumann, which was based on the Walter Pitts and Warren McCulloch model of the neuron.

# Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts ,( 1943 ) A Logical Calculus of Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity, Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics 5: 115-133.

A similar neuron was described by Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts in the 1940s.

Compared to McCulloch ’ s dry and understated style, Thomas Chandler Haliburton showed the same conservative social values in the brash, overstated character of Sam Slick, the Yankee Clockmaker.

is always destitute of value ", with which Marx concurred, saying that " this shows how high even a McCulloch stands above the fetishism of German ' thinkers ' who assert that ' material ', and half a dozen similar irrelevancies are elements of value ".

Still operating as a Missouri militia general ( rather than as a commissioned Confederate officer ), Price was unable to agree with his Wilson's Creek colleague, Brigadier General Benjamin McCulloch, as to how to proceed following the battle ; this led to the splitting of what might otherwise have become a sizable Confederate force in the West.

He was advised by Norbert Wiener, the founder of cybernetics, and Henry P. McKean, Jr. As a student, he also worked with Warren McCulloch, the co-inventor of the artificial neural network and finite-state machine.

The neuroscientists Warren Sturgis McCulloch and Walter Pitts published the first works on the processing of neural networks called " What the frog's eye tells to the frog's brain.

The text of the McCulloch v. Maryland decision, handed down March 6, 1819, as recorded in the minutes of the Supreme Court of the United States, in which the Court determined the separate states could not tax the federal government.

In September 2008 it was reported that Malcolm McCulloch of Oxford University was heading a three-year project to develop more robust appliances that could be used in locales lacking electricity, and that his team had completed a prototype.

The labor theory of value is an exception, in that McCulloch seems more insistent about it than about any of the contradictory hypotheses he entertained, Böhm-Bawerk conceded, but the form of that theory McCulloch endorsed was " the most absurd that could possibly occur to a serious thinker.

Before he could assume office, President James Buchanan dispatched Powell and Major Benjamin McCulloch to Utah to ease tensions with Brigham Young and the Mormons.

McCulloch and Pitts were the first to hypothesize that neurons could be used to implement a logical calculus that could explain cognition.

Their business did well, but McCulloch soon returned to South America, leaving Hartnell in charge.

Construction Construed and Constitutions Vindicated was Taylor's response to a series of post-War of 1812 developments including John Marshall's Supreme Court decision in McCulloch v. Maryland, the widespread issuance of paper money by banks, proposals for a protective tariff, and the attempt to bar slavery from Missouri.

He is best remembered for having written along with Warren McCulloch, a seminal paper entitled " A Logical Calculus of Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity " ( 1943 ).

McCulloch collected and published prolifically ; from his first paper in 1906 ( published in Records of the Australian Museum ), no year passed without his making a contribution to science, and he wrote over 100 original papers in all, many including his own illustrations.

* Aizawa, Kenneth ; Schlatter, Mark, " Another Look at McCulloch and Pitts's ' Logical Calculus '", Centenary College of Louisiana, Shreveport, Louisiana

* Piccinini, Gualtiero, " The First Computational Theory of Mind and Brain: A Close Look at McCulloch and Pitts's ' Logical Calculus of Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity '", Synthese 141: 175 – 215, 2004.

The company was founded in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1943 by Robert Paxton McCulloch as a manufacturer of small two-stroke gasoline engines and introduced its first chainsaw in 1948, the Model 5-49.

Artificial neurons were first proposed in 1943 by Warren McCulloch, a neurophysiologist, and Walter Pitts, a logician, who first collaborated at the University of Chicago.