Meanwhile the five-course baroque guitar, which was documented in Spain from the middle of the 16th century, enjoyed popularity, especially in Spain, Italy and France from the late 16th century to the mid-18th century.

Meanwhile, the growing confederations of Franks and Alemanni broke through the frontier fortifications and settled along the Rhine frontier, invading Gaul, Hispania and Italy as far as North Africa, while Saxon pirates ravaged the Western Europen coasts.

Meanwhile, Japan ( allied to Germany and Italy since September 1940 ) attacked the British in Southeast Asia and the United States in Hawaii on 7 December 1941 ; Germany then completed its over-extension by declaring war on the United States.

Meanwhile Hannibal, recalled from Italy by the Carthaginian Senate, had returned with his army.

Meanwhile, in Italy, the Pope had used Frederick's excommunication as an excuse to invade his Italian territories ; the papal armies were led by Frederick's former father-in-law John of Brienne.

Meanwhile, the prince Gisulf I of Salerno began using the title Langobardorum gentis princeps around mid-century, but the ideal of a united Lombard principality was realised only in December 977, when Gisulf died and his domains were inherited by Pandulf Ironhead, who temporarily held almost all Italy south of Rome and brought the Lombards into alliance with the Holy Roman Empire.

Meanwhile the Byzantine general Belisarius was preparing for an invasion of Italy.

Meanwhile the papal pact solidified with Charles a promise of papal ships and men, produced by a crusading tithe, and Charles's promise not to lay claims on Imperial lands in northern Italy, nor in the Papal States.

Meanwhile, existing victorious Allies such as France, Belgium, Italy, Greece and Romania gained territories, while new states were created out of the collapse of Austria-Hungary and the Russian and Ottoman Empires.

Meanwhile, France, to secure its alliance, allowed Italy a free hand in Ethiopia, which Italy desired as a colonial possession.

Meanwhile, the surviving Eastern Roman Empire began to expand under the emperor Justinian, who eventually recaptured North Africa from the Vandals, and attempted to fully recover Italy as well in the hope of re-establishing Roman control over the lands once ruled by the Western Roman Empire.

Meanwhile, under the Pax Romana, Patavium became one of the most important cities of northern Italy.

Meanwhile in Italy, Joachim Murat, whom the Allies had allowed to remain King of Naples after Napoleon's initial defeat, once again allied with his brother-in-law, triggering the Neapolitan War ( March to May, 1815 ).

Meanwhile in 817, Louis had established three new Carolingian Kingships for his sons of his first marriage: Lothar was made King of Italy and co-Emperor, Pepin was made King of Aquitaine, and Louis the German made King of Bavaria.

Meanwhile southern Italy revolted.

Meanwhile, Constantine ’ s rebellion having broken off the negotiations between Alaric and Stilicho for the joint attack on Illyria, Alaric demanded the payment he was owed, threatening to attack Italy again if he was not given a large amount of gold.

Meanwhile, the Dutch also lost formerly occupied Baia de Todos os Santos, Salvador de Bahia, 12 ° 48 ′ S 38 ° 38 ′ W in Brazil, 1 May 1625, under the heavy attacks of the Spanish – Portuguese Fleet, commanded by the Captain General of the Spanish Navy, since 1617, Admiral Fadrique II de Toledo Osorio y Mendoza ( Naples, Italy, May 1580 – 11 December 1634 ), 1st Marquis of Villanueva de Valdueza, and, since 17 January 1624, Knight of the Order of Santiago.

Meanwhile, the French had been successful on several other fronts, occupying Savoy and Nice in Italy, while General Custine invaded Germany, several German towns along the Rhine, and reaching as far as Frankfurt.

Meanwhile his brother Lothair had died in 869, and owing to his detention in southern Italy, Louis failed to prevent the partition of Lotharingia between Louis the German and Charles the Bald.

Meanwhile, on the 5th Army's right flank, U. S. VI Corps ( comprising U. S. 34th and 45th Infantry Divisions ) had attacked into the mountains but made little progress until reinforced by the mountain troops of the French Expeditionary Corps, recently arrived in Italy ; they attacked again on 15 December.

Meanwhile, his favourite classical and antiquarian studies were not neglected ; and on his return journey he made important observations of the relics and monuments of Spain, France, and Italy.

Meanwhile, on September 27, 1935 the British Parliament, led by Konni Zilliacus, unanimously passed sanctions against Italy should it continue its pursuit against Ethiopia.

Meanwhile, Flaccus decided to wait for the result of the war in Italy.

Meanwhile Algerian painters, like Mohamed Racim or Baya, attempted to revive the prestigious Algerian past prior to French colonization, at the same time that they have contributed to the preservation of the authentic values of Algeria.

Meanwhile, on the Upper Rhine, Villars had been forced onto the defensive as battalion after battalion had been sent north to bolster collapsing French forces in Flanders ; there was now no possibility of his undertaking the re-capture of Landau.

Meanwhile, the French feudatories on the left wing had thoroughly defeated the Imperial forces opposed to them.

Meanwhile, the synchronization gear ( called the Stangensteuerung in German, for " pushrod control system ") devised by the engineers of Anthony Fokker's firm was the first system to see production contracts, and would make the Fokker Eindecker monoplane a feared name over the Western Front, despite its being an adaptation of an obsolete pre-war French Morane-Saulnier racing airplane, with a mediocre performance and poor flight characteristics.

Meanwhile, on 24 June, the Convention adopted the first republican constitution of France, variously referred to as the French Constitution of 1793 or Constitution of the Year I.

Meanwhile, James IV of Scotland ( despite being Henry's other brother-in-law ), activated his alliance with the French and declared war on England.

Meanwhile, the French attempt to break the siege in the Battle of Buzenval will end unsuccessfully the following day.

Meanwhile, on 24 June the Convention adopted the first republican constitution of France, the French Constitution of 1793.

Meanwhile, British troops defeated the French in Egypt in 1801, and the original stone came into British possession under the Capitulation of Alexandria.

Meanwhile, Ponsonby's cavalry brigade, including the renowned Scots Greys, have chased the French all the way back to their lines but have become disorganized and their horses blown.

Meanwhile, the French retreat has quickly deteriorated into a rout, and Napoleon's marshals physically force the Emperor himself to withdraw from the battlefield.

Meanwhile, French suffered equivalent losses of 16, 000 soldiers, but still enjoyed huge numerical superiority.

Meanwhile, a French secret agent steals a letter addressed to a military officer in the German embassy.

Meanwhile, the global Spanish Empire began to unravel as French occupation of Spain weakened Spain's hold over its colonies, providing an opening for nationalist revolutions in Spanish America.

Meanwhile, in the Peninsular War, Arthur Wellesley renewed the Anglo-Portuguese advance into Spain just after New Year in 1812, besieging and capturing the fortified towns of Ciudad Rodrigo, Badajoz, and in the Battle of Salamanca ( which was a damaging defeat to the French ).

Meanwhile, the messages brought back by Edward's agent Walter de Stapledon, Bishop of Exeter and others grew steadily worse: Isabella had publicly snubbed Stapledon ; Edward's political enemies were gathering at the French court, and threatening his emissaries ; Isabella was dressed as a widow, claiming that Hugh Despenser had destroyed her marriage with Edward ; Isabella was assembling a court-in-exile, including Edmund of Kent and John of Brittany, Earl of Richmond.

Meanwhile Saxony became the principal arena of war and Dresden the midpoint of the French army movements.

Meanwhile, Kate makes it on her own to the Hôtel George V where she encounters new levels of French sarcasm and rudeness from the concierge.

Meanwhile, the 22 Floréal-coup in France undermined Delacroix, because it inspired more sympathy by French foreign minister Talleyrand for the Dutch opposition members who demanded the ambassador's recall.

Meanwhile, the American Eisenhower administration was outraged at the tripartite aggression, the British and French abandonment of international diplomacy, and its timing during the crisis in Hungary.

Meanwhile, French paratroopers of the 2nd Regiment of Colonial Paratroopers under the command of Colonel Chateau-Jobert jumped on the water treatment factory South of Port Said.

Meanwhile the French mouaire had mutated into a verb, moirer, meaning ' to produce a watered textile by weaving or pressing ', which by 1823 had spawned the adjective moiré.

Meanwhile, Louis XI had proved masterful at destabilising the Duchy: Edward IV had been detached from his alliance, Charles ' reputation and banking credit had been undermined by Louis, and Burgundian trade was choked by French embargoes.

Meanwhile, Erwin Rommel had surrounded five divisions of the French 1st Army near Lille.

Meanwhile, Louis Philippe was forced to live in the shadows, avoiding both pro-Republican revolutionaries and Legitimist French émigré centres in various parts of Europe and also in the Austrian army.