Measurement of flow rate can be a substitute for analysis of the mixed gas, but is generally less accurate in predicting the delivered mixture due to variations in temperature and gas delivery efficiency of the compressor, which may vary as the delivery pressure changes.

Measurement of these unobservable phenomena is difficult, and much of the research and accumulated science in this discipline has been developed in an attempt to properly define and quantify such phenomena.

Measurement instruments that use these criteria have acceptable to good internal consistency and low to moderate test-retest reliability ( r in the range of 0. 35 to 0. 67 ).

Measurement of these types of cellular responses can be windows into the interaction of the test article on the test models ( monolayer cell cultures, 3D tissue models, tissue explants ).

Archimedes of Syracuse, in his On the Measurement of the Circle, uses these ratios as upper and lower bounds:

Measurement of the brain waves exhibited by the subjects experiencing these episodes showed great similarity between those of dreaming.

Measurement, growth mitigation and active removal of space debris are major activities within the space industry today.

The observer-measurement relation is an active area of research today: see Quantum decoherence, Quantum Zeno effect and Measurement problem.

** Measurement of number of people in regions – how many were born, are living and died within a time period

Measurement of the weight is the easiest, and bullets that are out of round can be detected by rotating the bullet while measuring with a micrometer.

Measurement consists of using observation to compare the thing being measured to a standard ; an artifact, process or definition which can be duplicated or shared by all observers, and counting how many of the standard units are comparable to the object.

Measurement reduces an observation to a number which can be recorded, and two observations which result in the same number are equal within the resolution of the process.

Measurement of birefringence can be achieved using cross polarisers in a microscope to obtain an image of e. g. vesicle walls or using techniques such as dual polarisation interferometry to quantify lipid order or disruption in supported bilayers.

Measurement of pH for aqueous solutions can be done with a glass electrode and a pH meter, or using indicators.

Measurement of blood electrolytes can reveal a high sodium level ( hypernatremia as dehydration develops ).

Measurement of cash flow can be used for calculating other parameters that give information on a company's value and situation.

Measurement can interact with the system state in somewhat peculiar ways, as is illustrated by the double-slit experiment.

The expectation value of the measurement can be calculated by extending from the case of pure states ( see Measurement in quantum mechanics ):

Measurement and recording techniques which are not primarily designed to produce images, such as electroencephalography ( EEG ), magnetoencephalography ( MEG ), electrocardiography ( EKG ), and others, but which produce data susceptible to be represented as maps ( i. e., containing positional information ), can be seen as forms of medical imaging.

Measurement can be affected ( usually overestimated ) by leaks in the breathing circuit or the introduction of additional gas, for example during the introduction of nebulized drugs.

Measurement of tonnage can be less than straightforward, not least because it is used to assess fees on commercial shipping.

* Measurement accuracy can be affected by a disease such as cataracts

* Measurement accuracy can also be affected by severe astigmatism

Measurement results can be illustrated by models and graphic presentations.

Measurement of colligative properties for a dilute solution of a non-ionized solute such as urea or glucose in water or another solvent can lead to accurate determinations of relative molar masses.

Measurement can be difficult as much of the village's population is transient – students at NUI Maynooth or St. Patrick's College, or temporary employees at the nearby Intel and Hewlett Packard facilities ( both located in Leixlip ).

Measurement of procalcitonin can be used as a marker of severe sepsis caused by bacteria and generally grades well with the degree of sepsis, although levels of procalcitonin in the blood are very low.

Measurement and diagnosis of lumbar lordosis can be difficult.

It can be launched either IMU ( Inertial Measurement Unit ) only, given sufficiently good Transfer Alignment, or using GPS guidance.

Measurement errors can be split into two components: random error and systematic error.

This can take place while the well is being drilled, using Measurement While Drilling tools, or after drilling, by lowering measurement tools into the newly drilled hole.

The sea mile has also been defined as 6000 feet or 1000 fathoms, for example in Dresner's Units of Measurement.

Daniel Bernoulli was also the author in 1738 of Specimen theoriae novae de mensura sortis ( Exposition of a New Theory on the Measurement of Risk ), in which the St. Petersburg paradox was the base of the economic theory of risk aversion, risk premium and utility.

# Measurement of Uncertainty: A set of possible states or outcomes where probabilities are assigned to each possible state or outcome – this also includes the application of a probability density function to continuous variables

# Measurement of Risk: A set of measured uncertainties where some possible outcomes are losses, and the magnitudes of those losses – this also includes loss functions over continuous variables.

Measurement of CD is also complicated by the fact that typical aqueous buffer systems often absorb in the range where structural features exhibit differential absorption of circularly polarized light.

# Measurement – program that creates a hierarchy of performance metrics ( see also Metrics Reference Model ) and benchmarking that informs business leaders about progress towards business goals ( business process management ).

However, areas of specialty are widely varied in scope and breadth e. g., Clinical Physiology ( also known as Physiological Measurement, several countries ), Neurophysiology ( Finland ), Medical Computing and Mathematics ( many countries ), Radiation Protection ( many countries ), and Audiology ( Netherlands ).

LookSmart also licenses and manages ' white label ' search ad networks for clients that want to maintain their own branded content and is one of the five founding members of the IAB Click Measurement Panel.

Measurement of the Doppler shift resulting in reflecting an ultrasonic beam off the flowing fluid has also been used in the past.

Measurement is also difficult, and usually requires mass spectrometry to determine how much of the isotope is present in particular compounds, and there is no means of localizing measurements within the cell.

Measurement is sometimes also quoted at.

Measurement error and statistical uncertainty are also present in all measurements.

The Measurement of Atmospheric Pollution from Satellite instrument also continued to take readings of the concentration and distribution of carbon monoxide throughout the troposphere.

ATLAS-3 instruments, mounted on a Spacelab pallet in the cargo bay, included Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy ( ATMOS ), which collected more data on trace gases in the atmosphere than on all three of its previous flights combined ; Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Spectrometer ( SSBUV ), which took ozone measurements to calibrate ozone monitor on aging NOAA-9 satellite as well as cooperative measurements with other ATLAS-3 instruments ; Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor ( ACRIM ), which took extremely precise measurements of the sun's total radiation for 30 orbits as calibration reference for sister instrument on Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite ( UARS ) launched in 1991 ; Measurement of the Solar Constant ( SOLCON ), provided by Belgium, which also measured solar radiation but as reference point to track changes over years ; Solar Spectrum Measurement ( SOLSPEC ), French instrument, measured sun's radiation as function of wavelength ; and Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor ( SUSIM ), which collected its highest precision solar ultraviolet radiation measurements in its 15-year lifetime.

One has also seen departmental use, as Network Rail's New Measurement Train, converted and in departmental

Measurement of this ratio is important in the evaluation of water use efficiency in plants, and also in assessing the possible or likely sources of carbon in global carbon cycle studies.

The university also played a key role in the establishment of China's first national " EPA Communication Standard for Industrial Measurement and Control System ", which was recognized by the IEC as international standard in the field of industrial automation.

Measurement of time and temperature in Fahrenheit and Celsius is also emphasized as well.

Canada also has a similar system, run by the Bureau of Broadcast Measurement ( BBM ).

In 2008, both reactors were increased in power by 1. 7 % by an " Appendix K " uprate, also called a Measurement Uncertainty Recapture uprate.

Measurement may also require application of stereology to assess matrix and second-phase structures.

She has also has sat on several working groups for the Joint Committee on Testing Practices, a coalition established in 1985 by the American Educational Research Association ( AERA ), the American Psychological Association ( APA ), and the National Council on Measurement in Education ( NCME ).