* England: London's Roman and Medieval gates of the London Wall: Ludgate, Newgate, Aldersgate, Bishopsgate, Cripplegate, Moorgate, Aldgate

Medieval Haguenau retains three gates from its former fortification, the Tour des Chevaliers ( Tower of the knights ), the Tour des Pêcheurs ( Tower of the fishermen ) and the Porte de Wissembourg ( Wissembourg gate ), two fairly large gothic churches, Saint-Georges and Saint-Nicolas, an ancient water-mill and the old custom-house ( Ancienne Douane ).

The Corsican language has been influenced by the languages of the major powers taking an interest in Corsican affairs ; earlier by those of the Medieval Italian powers: Tuscany ( 828 – 1077 ), Pisa ( 1077 – 1282 ) and Genoa ( 1282 – 1768 ), more recently by France ( 1768 – present ), which, since 1789, has promulgated the official Parisian French.

* Gjuzelev, V., ( 1988 ) Medieval Bulgaria, Byzantine Empire, Black Sea, Venice, Genoa ( Centre Culturel du Monde Byzantin ).

In the Middle Ages, Janus was also taken as the symbol of Genoa, whose Medieval Latin name was Ianua, as well as of other European communes.

Medieval patrician classes were once again formally defined groups of elite burgher families in many medieval Italian republics, such as Venice and Genoa, and subsequently " patrician " became a vaguer term used for aristocrats and elite bourgeoisie in many countries.

* Gjuzelev, V., ( 1988 ) Medieval Bulgaria, Byzantine Empire, Black Sea, Venice, Genoa ( Centre culturel du monde byzantin ).

Medieval Mediterranean states, notably the Italian maritime republics, including Venice, Pisa, and Genoa, used galleys until the ocean-going man-of-war made them obsolete.

Not all Medieval writers are so at odds with the Virgilian standard, and with the rediscovery of classical literature later Medieval and Renaissance writers are far more orthodox, but by then the form had become an academic exercise.

The Medieval society, in which Gothic texts are based, granted women writers the opportunity to attribute “ features of the mode Gothicism as the result of the suppression of female sexuality, or else as a challenge to the gender hierarchy and values of a male-dominated culture ”.

Medieval Song Dynasty painters such as Lin Tinggui and his Luohan Laundering ( housed in the Smithsonian Freer Gallery of Art ) of the 12th century are excellent examples of Buddhist ideas fused into classical Chinese artwork.

Medieval architectural masterpieces the Great South Gate in Todaiji, Japan, and the Tien-ning Temple in Peking, China are some of the surviving constructs from this era.

Medieval genealogies are unreliable sources, but many historians still accept Kenneth's descent from the established Cenél nGabráin, or at the very least from some unknown minor sept of the Dál Riata.

This view was challenged by Jim Bradbury in his book The Medieval Archer and more modern works are more ready to accept a variety of formations.

Although references are made referring to Slavs in Macedonia being identified as Bulgarians, some scholars suggest that ethnicity in Medieval times was more fluid than what we see it to be today, an understanding derived from nineteenth century nationalistic ideals of a homogeneous nation-state.

With the continual discovery of " new " Medieval and Renaissance fighting manuals, the practice of Historical European Martial Arts and other Western Martial Arts are growing in popularity across the United States and Europe.

Supply trains are as much a feature of Medieval warfare as they are of ancient and modern warfare.

Medieval supply trains are often found in illuminations and even poems of the period.

Medieval sources on the conduct of medieval naval warfare are less common than those about land-based war.

They are written in three different languages: Medieval Latin, Langue d ′ oïl ( Old French ) and Old High German.

Medieval codices are constructed in " gathers " which are folded ( compare " folio ", " leaf, page " ablative case of Latin folium ), then stacked together like a newspaper and sewn together at the fold.

Staff-weapons in Medieval or Renaissance England were lumped together under the generic term " staves " but when dealing with them in detail we are faced with terminological difficulty.

Medieval Islamic astronomers gave Arabic names to many stars that are still used today, and they invented numerous astronomical instruments that could compute the positions of the stars.

Back scabbards were never used in European, Near East, or Indian military cultures, and depictions of such are a modern invention and have enjoyed great popularity in fiction and fantasy, to the point that they are widely believed to be a Medieval invention.

Medieval poetical literature is full of allusions that can be traced to the Physiologus tradition ; the text also exerted great influence on the symbolism of medieval ecclesiastical art: symbols like those of the phoenix rising from its ashes and the pelican feeding her young with her own blood are still well-known.

Stories of this type are typical of the misogynistic sentiment of the Medieval era.

However, in Ars Magica the " Medieval paradigm "-the collection of folk beliefs and superstitions-is correct ; this means that the beliefs and superstitions of the medieval period are existent reality: lost children are really abducted by Faeries, sickness and crop failure are caused by Demons, Angels help the righteous, and dragons and other mythical creatures exist.

A rare High Medieval image of Alfred, 13th century

Middle English literature of the 12th and 13th centuries is comparatively rare, as written communication was usually in Anglo-Norman or in Medieval Latin.

The interior of the castle contains a selection of rare wall paintings from the Medieval period.

Eochaid mac Áeda Find is a spurious King of Dál Riata found in some rare High Medieval king-lists and in older history books.

Isabella Stewart Gardner collected and carefully displayed a collection of more than 2, 500 objects — paintings, sculpture, furniture, textiles, architectural elements, drawings, silver, ceramics, illuminated manuscripts, rare books, photographs and letters — from ancient Rome, Medieval Europe, Renaissance Italy, Asia, the Islamic world, and 19th-century France and America.

It is an extremely rare survival of a late Medieval religious panel painting from England.

The word is also used for a large canopy over the altar, which was a common feature of Early Medieval church architecture, now relatively rare.

The city's cultural centre organises a number of regular events, most notably the Medieval Market in July each year.

The German name Kronstadt means " Crown City " and is reflected in the city's coat of arms as well as in its Medieval Latin name, Corona.

However, there were cases in Medieval Europe where a city which grew to prominence and transferred to its cathedral the remains of a famous saint who had lived and was buried elsewhere, and made him or her the city's patron saint – such a practice conferring considerable prestige on the city concerned.

The city's old quarter of narrow streets, lined with Medieval and Renaissance buildings, are still surfaced with ancient Roman paving stones.

* Chernihiv-ancient city of Kyivan Rus ', one of the oldest cities in Ukraine, has lots of Medieval architecture.

Medieval Scandinavians held Gamla Uppsala as one of the oldest and most important locations in Scandinavia.

The oldest section lies within the Medieval walls of the city, which are built on Roman foundations.

His Flower of Battle is also the third oldest fighting manual yet discovered ( after the MS I. 33 and the HS 3227a ), and the most extensive from the Medieval period.

Mayiladuthurai is of great antiquity, its oldest extant temples dating to the time of the Medieval Cholas.

The examples cited include those living amidst skewed sex ratios caused by the death of many men in a war or preferential abandonment or abortion of females ( the latter is particularly severe in China and India ); prisoners ; those without access to the money needed to deal with a child ; those denied the right to marry by social norms like widows in certain Hindu communities or younger sisters in societies that call for the oldest to be married first ; women whose families lack money for the dowries required by their society ; people who would lose their jobs if they were known to be sexually active like apprentices and journeymen in certain trades in Medieval Europe, or certain Western domestic servant or educator positions prior to the previous centuries ; and, also, men castrated against their will.

The Scanian law, the oldest of the Medieval Scandinavian laws, came into force in the beginning of the 13th century.

The Chapel of St. Mary's structural remains are, as incorporated in the modern facade, situated on the site of what has been said also to be the oldest surviving building still standing in contemporary Broadstairs, and within its modern content is all that remains of the Medieval Shrine of " Our Lady of Bradstowe ".

The oldest written reference to the village itself dates to 1131, when the city was referred to as Miculcici in Medieval Latin.

The oldest buildings in Beeston today date to the Medieval Period.

Reghin became a minor ecclesiastical centre in 1330, with the building of the Gothic church ( Roman Catholic at the time, it now serves the Protestant community ) in the German part of the city ; it is still the largest church in the area, and hosts the oldest Medieval Latin inscription of any church in Transylvania.