Melanopsin is a photopigment found in specialized photosensitive ganglion cells of the retina that are involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms, pupillary light reflex, and other non-visual responses to light.

Melanopsin is most sensitive to blue light.

Melanopsin differs from other opsin photopigments in vertebrates.

Melanopsin was originally discovered by Ignacio Provencio and his colleagues in 1998, in the specialized light sensitive cells of frog skin.

Jewish identity was often confused with social and economic strivings.

The government has recognized the dilemma and is beginning to devise some moral education for the schools -- but the teachers often have no firm conviction and are confused.

The term is often confused with battery, which involves physical contact.

The two construals are clearly distinct and often confused.

20 ) contains earliest known reference to Latrunculi ( often confused with Ludus Duodecim Scriptorum, Ovid's game mentioned below ).

BV is caused by an imbalance of naturally occurring bacterial flora and is often confused with yeast infection ( candidiasis ) or infection with Trichomonas vaginalis ( trichomoniasis ), which are not caused by bacteria.

* Deep Battle, Soviet Red Army Military Doctrine from the 1930s often confused with blitzkrieg.

The ' burg ' element is often confused with ' berg ' meaning hill or mountain ( cf.

However, since it cuts across the base of the hills, the creep is often concealed by or confused with slide activity.

CJD is at times called a human form of mad cow disease ( bovine spongiform encephalopathy or BSE ) even though classic CJD is not related to BSE ; however, given that BSE is believed to be the cause of variant Creutzfeldt – Jakob ( vCJD ) disease in humans, the two are often confused.

Although the Copenhagen interpretation is often confused with the idea that consciousness causes collapse, it defines an " observer " merely as that which collapses the wave function.

Integer factorization is often confused with the closely related primality problem.

Aristotle argued against the idea of a first cause, often confused with the idea of a " prime mover " or " unmoved mover " ( or primus motor ) in his Physics and Metaphysics.

It should not be confused with the mobile phone standards called cdmaOne, CDMA2000 ( the 3G evolution of cdmaOne ) and WCDMA ( the 3G standard used by GSM carriers ), which are often referred to as simply CDMA, and use CDMA as an underlying channel access method.

While cyberspace should not be confused with the Internet, the term is often used to refer to objects and identities that exist largely within the communication network itself, so that a Website, for example, might be metaphorically said to " exist in cyberspace.

In some instances, people have confused digitalis with the relatively harmless comfrey ( Symphytum ) plant, which is often brewed into a tea, with fatal consequences.

Note that this should not be confused with the pre-VOIP ' Voice VPN ' deployed by routing calls intelligently in a TDM switching platform, often Nortel DMS100 and customers PBX nodes.

All known DNA replication systems require a free 3 ' OH group before synthesis can be initiated ( Important note: DNA is read in 3 ' to 5 ' direction whereas a new strand is synthesised in the 5 ' to 3 ' direction-this is entirely logical but is often confused ).

However, the word " heat " is a highly technical term in physics and thermodynamics, and is often confused with thermal energy.

Epicurus would often deny this influence, denounce other philosophers as confused, and claim to be " self-taught ".

The terms Highest vote, Majority vote and Plurality voting are often confused.

He made a few mistakes ; he may well have made others that we cannot detect because he is our sole authority ; when he tried to describe buildings his command of language was usually inadequate ; he is often confused and obscure, though this may be as much his printer's fault as his own ; his prose is frequently difficult to read and painful to translate ; but he seems to us to be free from the dishonesty of the traveller who tries to exaggerate his own knowledge, importance, or courage.

The term fanzine is sometimes confused with " fan magazine ", but the latter term most often refers to commercially produced publications for ( rather than by ) fans.

Feynman diagrams are often confused with spacetime diagrams and bubble chamber images because they all describe particle scattering.

Gradualism is often confused with the concept of phyletic gradualism.

Yet often fear persists because, even with the most rigid ritual, one is never quite free from the uneasy feeling that one might make some mistake or that in every previous execution one had been unaware of the really decisive act.

If many of the characters in contemporary novels appear to be the bloodless relations of characters in a case history it is because the novelist is often forgetful today that those things that we call character manifest themselves in surface behavior, that the ego is still the executive agency of personality, and that all we know of personality must be discerned through the ego.

if, as often happened, he had to repeat because he had spoken too softly, he would repeat his words in the same way, without emphasis or impatience, only a little louder.

Too often a beginning bodybuilder has to do his training secretly either because his parents don't want sonny-boy to `` lift all those old barbell things '' because `` you'll stunt your growth '' or because childish taunts from his schoolmates, like `` Hey lookit Mr. America ; ;

In repetitions of the experiment from couple to couple, the votes of the two persons in a couple probably agree more often than independence would imply, because couples who visit the museum together are more likely to have similar tastes than are a random pair of people drawn from the entire population of visitors.

`` Unfortunately '', says Chief Postal Inspector David H. Stephens, who has prosecuted many device quacks, `` the ghouls who trade on the hopes of the desperately ill often cannot be successfully prosecuted because the patients who are the chief witnesses die before the case is called up in court ''.

The waves are separated by intervals of 15 minutes to an hour or more ( because of their great length ), and this has often lulled people into thinking after the first great wave has crashed that it is all over.

And on the summit of Mount Washington, where thirty-five degrees below zero is commonplace and the wind velocity has registered higher than anywhere else in the world, there is a kind of wisdom to be found that other men often seek in the Himalayas `` because it is there ''.

The executive paid tribute to research and development and technology for their great contributions in the past, but he also cautioned industry that they tend to be great equalizers because they move at a fairly even pace within an industry and fail to give it the short-term advantage which it often needs.

the love-making, perhaps because it is pale and low-key when one has been conditioned to expect harsh colors and explicitness, is often charming ; ;

The Arabic alphabet, Hebrew alphabet, Syriac alphabet, and other abjads of the Middle East are developments of the Aramaic alphabet, but because these writing systems are largely consonant-based they are often not considered true alphabets.

Linguistic ambiguity can be a problem in law ( see Ambiguity ( law )), because the interpretation of written documents and oral agreements is often of paramount importance.

Then, about halfway through, or sometimes even during the final act, one of the suspects usually dies, often because they have inadvertently deduced the killer's identity and need silencing.

In the US and some other countries, because of legal and tax restrictions on alcohol consumption, ethanol destined for other uses often contains additives that make it unpalatable ( such as denatonium benzoate ) or poisonous ( such as methanol ).

It is often said that Ford's production system was ingenious because it turned Ford's own workers into new customers.

Many peasant parties were also nationalist parties, because peasants often worked their land for the benefit of landlords of different ethnicity.

It lacks the NH < sub > 2 </ sub > group because of the cyclization of the side-chain and is known as an imino acid ; it falls under the category of special structured amino acids .</ ref > where R is an organic substituent known as a " side-chain "); often the term " amino acid " is used to refer specifically to these.

" Directing " is suggestively thought, rather than willfully accomplished, because the physical responses to " Directing " often occur underneath one's ability to perceive.

Individuals with Expressive aphasia often have right-sided weakness or paralysis of the arm and leg, because the frontal lobe is also important for body movement.

AVL trees are often compared with red-black trees because they support the same set of operations and because red-black trees also take O ( log n ) time for the basic operations.

Biomedical research on these parasites is challenging because it is often difficult, if not impossible, to maintain live parasite cultures in the laboratory and to genetically manipulate these organisms.

Naturally, many people assumed the color was due to copper because copper compounds often have blue and green colors.