Ancient Menippean Satire.

* Kirk, Eugene P. Menippean Satire: An Annotated Catalogue of Texts and Criticism.

* Kharpertian, Theodore D. " Of Models, Muddles, and Middles: Menippean Satire and Pynchon's V ." Pynchon Notes 17. Fall ( 1985 ): 3-14.

* Courtney, E. " Parody and Literary Allusion in Menippean Satire.

Chaucer and the Menippean Satire.

* Weinbrot, Howard D. Menippean Satire Reconsidered.

In Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics, Bakhtin treats Menippean satire as one of the classical " serio-comic " genres, alongside Socratic dialogue and other forms that Bakhtin claims are united by a " carnival sense of the world ", wherein " carnival is the past millennia's way of sensing the world as one great communal performance " and is " opposed to that one-sided and gloomy official seriousness which is dogmatic and hostile to evolution and change ".

* Kharpertian, Theodore D. A Hand to Turn the Time: The Menippean Satires of Thomas Pynchon.

In a series of articles, Edward Milowicki and Robert Rawdon Wilson, building upon Bakhtin ’ s theory, have argued that Menippean is not a period-specific term, as many Classicists have claimed, but a term for discursive analysis that instructively applies to many kinds of writing from many historical periods including the modern.

It is classified as a Menippean satire, a fusion of allegorical tale, platonic dialogue, and lyrical poetry.

The oldest form of satire still in use is the Menippean satire by Menippus of Gadara.

This section of the Satyricon, regarded by classicists such as Conte and Rankin as emblematic of Menippean satire, takes place a day or two after the beginning of the extant story.

It is classified as a Menippean satire, and was almost contemporary with another such satire by John Barclay, Euphormionis Satyricon, with which it shares the features of being written in Latin ( Hall generally wrote in English ), and a concern for religious commentary.

The Menippean satire genre is named after him.

His writings exercised considerable influence upon later literature, and the Menippean satire genre is named after him.

His first known works are Bellum Sequanicum, a poem on Julius Caesar's campaign against Ariovistus, and some satires ; these should not be confused with the Menippean Satires of the other Varro, of which some 600 fragments survive.

The novel also borrows some of its humor ( partially embodied in Ragotin ) from Miguel de Cervantes's Don Quixote as well as from Menippean satire.

The genre of Menippean satire is a form of satire, usually in prose, which has a length and structure similar to a novel and is characterized by attacking mental attitudes instead of specific individuals.

Other features found in Menippean satire are different forms of parody and mythological burlesque, a critique of the myths inherited from traditional culture, a rhapsodic nature, a fragmented narrative, the combination of many different targets, and the rapid moving between styles and points of view.

Typical mental attitudes attacked and ridiculed by Menippean satires are " pedants, bigots, cranks, parvenus, virtuosi, enthusiasts, rapacious and incompetent professional men of all kinds ," which are treated as diseases of the intellect.

The term Menippean satire distinguishes it from the earlier satire pioneered by Aristophanes, which was based on personal attacks.

M. H. Abrams classifies Menippean satire as one form of indirect satire, the category opposed to the formal satire of direct criticism in the first person.

Paul Salzman, taking Menippean satire as a genre as " rather ill-defined ", describes it as a mixture of allegory, picaresque narrative and satirical commentary.

Varro's own 150 books of Menippean satires survive only through quotations.

The genre continued with Seneca the Younger, whose Apocolocyntosis, or " Pumpkinification ", is the only near-complete classical Menippean satire to survive.

The Menippean tradition is later evident in Petronius ' Satyricon, especially in the banquet scene " Cena Trimalchionis ", which combines epic form, tragedy, and philosophy with verse and prose.

Menippean satire plays a special role in Mikhail Bakhtin's theory of the novel.

As a type of discourse, “ Menippean ” signifies a mixed, often discontinuous way of writing that draws upon distinct, multiple traditions.

" The power of very physical images to satirize, or otherwise comment upon, ideas lies at the heart of Menippean satire.

Critic Northrop Frye said that Menippean satire moves rapidly between styles and points of view.

He illustrated this distinction by positing Squire Western ( from Tom Jones ) as a character rooted in novelistic realism, but the tutors Thwackum and Square as figures of Menippean satire.

* M. Gamer, ‘“ Bell ’ s Poetics ”: The Baviad, the Della Cruscans, and the Book of The World ’ in The Satiric Eye: Forms of Satire in the Romantic Period, ed.

Humour, Politics, Satire, Revolution, Human Rights, Historical, Pictorial, Vicious Wit ( 1981 ) by Victor Zammit

* 1994 The Quotable Paul Johnson A Topical Compilation of His Wit, Wisdom and Satire ( George J. Marlin, Richard P. Rabatin, Heather Higgins ( Editors )) 1994 Noonday Press / 1996 Atlantic Books ( US )

In May John Oldham, in his ‘ Imitation of the Third Satire of Juvenal ,’ had ridiculed Pordage, and in another ‘ Satire ’ mentioned Pordage among the authors who had ‘ grown contemptible, and slighted since .’ Besides the pieces already mentioned, Pordage is stated to have written a romance called ‘ Eliana .’

Li ' l Abner: A Study in American Satire by Arthur Asa Berger ( Twayne, 1969 ) contained serious analyses of Capp's narrative technique, his use of dialogue, self-caricature and grotesquerie, the place of Li ' l Abner in American satire, and the significance of social criticism and the graphic image.

* Berger, Arthur Asa, Li ' l Abner: A Study in American Satire ( 1969 ) Twayne Publishers, ( 1994 ) Univ.

* Goldstein, Kalman, " Al Capp and Walt Kelly: Pioneers of Political and Social Satire in the Comics " from Journal of Popular Culture ; Vol.

Essays on Roman Satire.

The Walking Muse: Horace on the Theory of Satire.

Themes in Roman Satire.

Juvenal, in a passage in the Satire II dealing with homosexuality, specifically mentions Otho as being vain, looking at himself in the mirror prior to going into battle, and " plaster his face with dough " in order to look good.

John Dryden ( a Tory ), the first Poet Laureate, produced in 1682 Mac Flecknoe, subtitled " A Satire on the True Blue Protestant Poet, T. S.

Satire is primarily a literary genre or form, although in practice it can also be found in the graphic and performing arts.

Satire is nowadays found in many artistic forms of expression, including literature, plays, commentary, and media such as lyrics.

Satire and irony in some cases have been regarded as the most effective source to understand a society, the oldest form of social study.

Satire instead uses the comic to go against power and its oppressions, has a subversive character, and a moral dimension which draws judgement against its targets.

Satire which targets the clergy is a type of political satire, while religious satire is that which targets religious beliefs.

Satire on sex may overlap with blue comedy, off-color humor and dick jokes.

" Satire about death overlaps with black humor, gallows humor.

One of the earliest examples of what we might call satire, The Satire of the Trades, is in Egyptian writing from the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC.

Satire in their work is much wider than in the modern sense of the word, including fantastic and highly coloured humorous writing with little or no real mocking intent.

Satire was introduced into Arabic prose literature by the Afro-Arab author Al-Jahiz in the 9th century.

* Susan Gubar, " The Female Monster in Augustan Satire.

* Jae Num Lee, Swift and Scatological Satire.

Rameau's Nephew and First Satire.

Satire may rely more on understanding the target of the humour and thus tends to appeal to more mature audiences.

* E. Hückel, Ein Gelehrtenleben: Ernst u. Satire ( 1975 ISBN 3-527-25636-9 ).