Mercantilists viewed the economic system as a zero-sum game, in which any gain by one party required a loss by another.

Mercantilists ' writings were also generally created to rationalize particular practices rather than as investigations into the best policies.

Mercantilists felt that to maximize a nation's power all land and resources had to be used to their utmost, and this era thus saw projects like the draining of The Fens.

Mercantilists failed to understand the notions of absolute advantage and comparative advantage ( although this idea was only fully fleshed out in 1817 by David Ricardo ) and the benefits of trade.

Mercantilists, who were generally merchants or government officials, gathered vast amounts of trade data and used it extensively in their research and writing.

Unlike the old Mercantilists, he recognized Richard Cantillon's " population-subsistence " dynamics.

Mercantilists argued that a state should export more goods than it imported so that foreigners would have to pay the difference in precious metals.

Mercantilists asserted that only raw materials that could not be extracted at home should be imported ; and promoted government subsides, such as the granting of monopolies and protective tariffs, were necessary to encourage home production of manufactured goods.

In the English-speaking world, the work would become a significant influence over the anti-psychiatry movement during the 1960s ; Foucault himself took a mixed approach to this movement, associating with a number of figures involved in it but arguing that most of the anti-psychiatrists fundamentally misunderstood his work.

Nevertheless, the Tractatus differed so fundamentally from the philosophy of Russell that Wittgenstein always believed that Russell misunderstood the work.

The trouble with doing this is that when one can do this with anything that has lasted for an extended period of time resulting in absurd statements such as " England has not changed fundamentally in the past thousand years because the institution of the monarchy has existed for this long.

The music of the 1950s is fundamentally lyric in style, though there are comparatively few long-breathed melodies ; two such can be found in the Fantasia Concertante on a Theme of Corelli, and the Piano Concerto opens with a long tune for high piano and flute, creating " a sustained crescendo, thirty-three bars long leading to a sonorous tutti "( David Matthews ).

For a long time it was a widely held opinion that computer Go posed a problem fundamentally different to computer chess insofar as it was believed that methods relying on fast global search compared to human experts combined to relatively little domain knowledge would not be effective for Go.

But unlike in Stanisław Lem's Solaris, all these are supposed to be fundamentally similar in the long run, since all are governed by the same Darwinian and Marxist laws of development.

he achievement of necessary conditions for communism must take place on a world scale, through a long and tortuous process of revolutionary transformation in which there will be uneven development, the seizure of power in different countries at different times, and a complex dialectical interplay between the revolutionary struggles and the revolutionization of society in these different countries … dialectical relation in which the world arena is fundamentally and ultimately decisive while the mutually interacting and mutually supporting struggles of the proletarians in different countries constitute the key link in fundamentally changing the world as a whole.

" However, Mirabeau carried the day, asserting that the status of the Assembly had fundamentally changed, and that no new election would take place before completing the constitution: " It is asked how long the deputies of the people have been a national convention?

It was fundamentally a passenger-hauling version of the SD45 on a stretched locomotive frame and with an extended, squared-off long hood at the rear, aft of the radiators, giving space for a steam generator for passenger train heating.

The locomotive fundamentally consists of an NW2 hood, prime mover ( a V12 EMD 567 diesel engine ) and main generator on a long frame with road trucks ( Blomberg Bs ).

This was fundamentally identical to what ALCO had done to create the successful RS-1 design — fitting a switcher long hood and cab on a stretched frame and road trucks, with a short hood on the other side for the steam generator — and the NW5 can be seen as EMD's answer to the RS-1.

At least one historian, Margaret MacMillan, argues that this long held notion is fundamentally erroneous.

The fact that Nolte has found eloquent supporters both inside and outside the historical profession has little to do with the normal process of research and much to do with the political implications of the relativization of the Holocaust that he has insistently championed for so long ... The fundamentally apologetic character of Nolte's argument shines through most clearly when he concedes Hitler's right to deport, though not to exterminate, the Jews in response to the supposed " declaration of war " issued by the World Jewish Congress ; or when he claims that the activities of the SS Einsatzgruppen can be justified, at least subjectively, as operations aimed against partisans fighting the German Army ".

A nationally broadcast hour long live concert on Australia's ABC TV, cemented their unique place to this day, as Australia's first and only southern gospel group ( perhaps Steve Messer's Strange Country come close but their material is fundamentally different ), albeit twelve thousand miles from the original source of inspiration, America's Deep South.

Henceforth, as long as men live in the world they are to be satisfied with a non-representative art — an art fundamentally different from that which they have known and practiced and enjoyed.

Hegel rejected " the fundamentally atomistic conception of the object ," ( Stern, 38 ) arguing that " individual objects exist as manifestations of indivisible substance-universals, which cannot be reduced to a set of properties or attributes ; he therefore holds that the object should be treated as an ontologically primary whole.

Xenophanes is quoted, memorably, in Clement of Alexandria, arguing against the conception of gods as fundamentally anthropomorphic:

Individuals who use the term are arguing that either there is something fundamentally different about the transmission of meaning, or that modernism has fundamental flaws in its system of knowledge.

* Circuitists and some post-Keynesians dispute the barter model of money, arguing that money is fundamentally different from commodities, and that credit bubbles can and do cause depressions.

Anthropologists like Margaret Mead emphasised the cultural determinants of emotional expression, arguing that expression varies fundamentally from one culture to another.

However, some scholars, especially Isaac Kramnick, continue to emphasize Locke, arguing that Americans are fundamentally individualistic and not devoted to civic virtue.

Derrida, arguing that the fundamentally ambiguous nature of language makes intention unknowable, attacked Enlightenment perfectionism, and condemned as futile the existentialist quest for authenticity in the face of the all-embracing network of signs.

The 1970s saw an initial increase in violence in the Middle East as Egypt and Syria declared war on Israel, but in the late 1970s, the situation in the Middle East was fundamentally altered when Egypt signed the Egyptian – Israeli Peace Treaty.

Jeff Snyder is a spokesman for the view that gun possession is a civil right, and that therefore arguments about whether gun restrictions reduce or increase violent crime are beside the point: " I am not here engaged in ... recommending ... policy prescriptions on the basis of the promised or probable results crime ... Thus these essays are not fundamentally about guns at all.

Narcissism can thus be seen as a symptom of fundamentally low self-esteem ( that is, lack of love towards oneself ), but often accompanied by ' an immense increase in self-esteem ' based on ' the defense mechanism of denial by overcompensation '.

Consequently, any expression of public policy whose purported purpose is an unambiguous increase in allocative efficiency ( for example, consolidation of research and development costs through increased mergers and acquisitions resulting from a systematic relaxation of anti-trust laws ) is, according to critics, fundamentally incorrect, as there is no general reason to conclude that an increase in allocative efficiency is more likely than a decrease.

However, starting in 1940 with government measures during World War II to increase domestic food production and continuing into the 1950s, much grassland was ploughed up for arable farming, fundamentally changing the landscape and ecology, with the loss of much biodiversity.

He called for a large-scale introduction of new technology as the means to " fundamentally increase the efficiency of the Czechoslovak economy.

Natural population increase contributes fundamentally all of Greater Cincinnati's population growth.

Now, as Measure, Quality and Quantity though still distinct from one another are inseparable and in their unity comprise a specific Determinate Being: “ Everything that exists has a magnitude and this magnitude belongs to the nature of the something itself .” The indifference of Quantum is retained in Measure insofar as the magnitude of things can increase or decrease without fundamentally altering their Quality, and yet their essential unity nevertheless manifests at the Limit where an alteration in Quantity will bring about a change in Quality.

Finally, for Wicksell the endogenous creation of money, and how it leads to changes in the real market ( i. e. increase real aggregate demand ) is fundamentally a breakdown of the Neoclassical tradition of a dichotomy between monetary and real sectors.

However, President Dwight D. Eisenhower remained unsympathetic ; America's closest ally in the region, Saudi Arabia, was just as fundamentally opposed to the Hashemite-dominated Baghdad Pact as Egypt, and the U. S. was keen to increase its own influence in the region.

The suspension design is fundamentally the same as that of the Boxster, but features revised settings appropriate to the increase in chassis stiffness resulting from the Cayman's fixed roof.

More fundamentally, kT is the amount of heat required to increase the thermodynamic entropy of a system, in natural units, by one nat.

This occurs primarily due to cost implications, but also due to the fact cricket nets are fundamentally simple in design and purpose and thus greatly increase the feasibility of constructing a home made cricket net.

2. 3 Ga sulfate increases to more than 1 mM ; this increase in sulfate is coincident with the “ Great Oxygenation Event ", when redox conditions on Earth ’ s surface are thought by most workers to have shifted fundamentally from reducing to oxidizing.