This confrontation between Mesmer's secular ideas and Gassner's religious beliefs marked the end of Gassner's career as well as, according to Henri Ellenberger, the emergence of dynamic psychiatry.

In 1784 a French Royal Commission appointed by Louis XVI studied Mesmer's magnetic fluid to try to establish it by scientific evidence.

They investigated the practices of a disaffected student of Mesmer, one Charles d ' Eslon ( 1750 – 1786 ), and despite the fact that they accepted that Mesmer's results were valid, their placebo-controlled experiments following d ' Eslon's practices convinced them that mesmerism was most likely due to belief and imagination rather than to any sort of invisible energy (" animal magnetism ") transmitted from the body of the mesmerist.

Other popular treatments included physiognomy — the study of the shape of the face — and mesmerism, Mesmer's treatment by the use of magnets.

The semi-autobiographical novels include Kross ' novel about the ultimate fates of his schoolmates, i. e. The Wikman Boys ( Wikman being based on his alma mater the Westholm Grammar School-both names are of Swedish origin ) a similar sort of novel about his university chums, Mesmer's Circle / Ring ; the novel Excavations which describes Kross ' alter ego Peeter Mirk and his adventures with archaeology, conformism, revolt, compromise and skulduggery after he has returned from the Siberian labour camps and internal exile out there.

Mesmer's Circle ( Mesmeri ring ; 1995 )

In the very same year in which the first Royal Commission of 1784 gave its discussed verdict, one of Mesmer's most faithful disciples discovered new phenomena which was even more mysterious and brought new increased attention on animal magnetism.

Under Mesmer's care her sight was partially restored.

At the time, Franz Mesmer's theory of animal magnetism was popular in the upper reaches of society.

In its final conception, developed by Reich's student Charles Kelly after Reich's death, Orgone was conceived as the anti-entropic principle of the universe, a creative substratum in all of nature comparable to Mesmer's animal magnetism, the Odic force of Carl Reichenbach and Henri Bergson's élan vital.

Mesmer's original theory was of the existence of a universal medium or “ fluid ”.

It was Wolfart who went to see Mesmer, and although his attempt to persuade him to visit Berlin was unsuccessful he brought back with him a long manuscript of Mesmer's, which Wolfart edited and published in 1814.

This worldview was based on paracelsian and theosophical foundations, the same original basis of Mesmer's doctrine.

They perceived in Mesmer's magnetic fluid the justification for the notion that the Universe was a living organism.

Lafayette was a member of Mesmer's Societé de l ' Harmonie and sought permission from its founder to communicate its teachings.

What was once Mesmer's bacquet with subjects sitting with joined hands has now become the closed circle of spiritualistic seances.

He was a supporter of American Independence who contributed to the massive Affaires de L ' Angleterre et de l ' Amérique, of the new theories of economics, and of the " animal magnetism " of Mesmer ( he was found dead in a bath after undergoing Mesmer's magnetic treatment, apparently of an electrically induced heart attack ).

They concluded that Mesmer's method was useless.

The scandal that followed Mesmer's attempt to treat the blindness of an 18-year-old musician, Maria Theresia Paradis, led him to leave Vienna in 1777.

This period of Mesmer's life culminated in his being called to Munich by the Prince-Elector and his nomination as a member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences.

He completely rejected Franz Mesmer's idea that a magnetic fluid caused hypnotic phenomena, because anyone could produce them in " himself by attending strictly to the simple rules " that he had laid down.

* Jaan Kross: De ring van Mesmer, Prometheus, Amsterdam, 2000 ( Dutch translation by Frans van Nes of Mesmeri ring / Mesmer's Circle ).

These later researches tried to show many of the Odic phenomena to be of the same nature as those described previously by Franz Mesmer, and even long before Mesmer's time by Swedenborg.

That said, in Mesmer's day doctoral theses were not expected to be original.

In Mesmer's time the word " animal " had different mental associations than today.

Parallels drawn between the idea of the astral and that of the unconscious mind have been noted above, for Sigmund Freud inherited Mesmer's awareness of the animal self, the value of hypnosis, trance and dream, replacing the physical idea of the life-force with a purely psychological paradigm of libido, id and subconscious mind.

* Mesmeri ring ( Mesmer's Circle ), 1995.

The term is translated from Mesmer's magnétisme animal.

Mesmer's theory is based on the concept of something through which everything in the universe is interconnected.

Wolfart used the name " Mesmerism " for his book containing Mesmer's system.

In Mesmer's original approach, patients typically went through the " crisis " as part of the healing process.

One of Mesmer's first followers, the marquis de Puysegur, developed a new technique through which the patient fell into a particular trance without convulsions.

In the opinion of certain historians, this discovery equals or even exceeds the importance of Mesmer's own work.

The exposition of these ideas, encouraged by Widor and Munch, became Schweitzer's next task, and appeared in the masterly study J. S. Bach: Le Musicien-Poète, written in French and published in 1905.

In his life, Zhu Xi was largely ignored, but not long after his death his ideas became the new orthodox view of what Confucian texts actually meant.

This fusion of ideas became known officially as " Mao Zedong Thought ", or Maoism outside of China.

The term deist became rarely used, but deist beliefs, ideas, and influences did not.

Mysticism, full of the ideas Albertus Magnus expostulated, became the devotion of the greatest minds and hands within the organization.

Writings in Estonian became significant only in the 19th century with the spread of the ideas of the Age of Enlightenment, during the Estophile Enlightenment Period ( 1750 – 1840 ).

The ideas therein became widely used, and were eventually incorporated into the 1990 standard by way of intrinsic inquiry functions.

Friedman finds that while Capra's ideas were popular to depression-era and pre-war audiences, they became less relevant to attitudes of a prospering post-war America.

Kronecker, who headed mathematics at Berlin until his death in 1891, became increasingly uncomfortable with the prospect of having Cantor as a colleague, perceiving him as a " corrupter of youth " for teaching his ideas to a younger generation of mathematicians.

Gnostic and pseudo-gnostic ideas became influential in some of the philosophies of various esoteric mystical movements of the late 19th and 20th centuries in Europe and North America, including some that explicitly identify themselves as revivals or even continuations of earlier gnostic groups.

However, their efforts were unable to stop the spread of revolutionary movements: the middle classes had been deeply influenced by the ideals of the French revolution, the Industrial Revolution brought important economical and social changes, the lower classes started to be influenced by socialist, communist and anarchistic ideas ( especially those summarised by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in The Communist Manifesto ), and the preference of the new capitalists became Liberalism.

Germanic mythology, reinforced by occult ideas, became a substitute religion for him.

In 1518, Zwingli became the pastor of the Grossmünster in Zurich where he began to preach ideas on reforming the Catholic Church.

Rapp became inspired by the philosophies of Jakob Böhme, Philipp Jakob Spener, Johann Heinrich Jung, and Emanuel Swedenborg, among others, and later wrote Thoughts on the Destiny of Man, published in German in 1824 and in English a year later, in which he outlined his ideas and philosophy.

Pavlov's ideas combined with those of his rival Bekhterev and became the basis of hypnotic psychotherapy in the Soviet Union, as documented in the writings of his follower K. I.

The particular Hasidic emphasis and interpretation of this earlier Jewish and Kabbalistic concept, became one of the ideas that singled it out from non-Hasidic Judaism.

While Qutb's ideas became increasingly radical during his imprisonment prior to his execution in 1966, the leadership of the Brotherhood, led by Hasan al-Hudaybi, remained moderate and interested in political negotiation and activism.

He lived very quietly in lodgings in Oslo ( then Christiania ), surrounded by his books and shrinking from publicity, but his name grew into wide political favour as his ideas about the language of the peasants became more and more the watch-word of the popular party.

Even the Geneva académie was eclipsed by universities in Leiden and Heidelberg, which became the new strongholds of Calvin's ideas, first identified as " Calvinism " by Joachim Westphal in 1552.

I thought my horse was about to die, and would have sprung from his back had a minute more elapsed ; but as that instant all the shrubs and trees began to move from their very roots, the ground rose and fell in successive furrows, like the ruffled water of a lake, and I became bewildered in my ideas, as I too plainly discovered, that all this awful commotion was the result of an earthquake.

Born into a wealthy middle-class family in Trier ( formerly in Prussian Rhineland, now called Rhineland-Palatinate ), Marx studied at both the University of Bonn and the University of Berlin, where he became interested in the philosophical ideas of the Young Hegelians.

Marx became interested in, but critical of, the work of the German philosopher G. W. F Hegel ( 1770 – 1831 ), whose ideas were widely debated amongst European philosophical circles at the time.

His followers became a new sect, which was outlawed in Germany, but his ideas influenced Anabaptism, Puritanism in England, and Pietism on mainland Europe.

" Of " Forever Changes ," Moon wrote, " Inside these songs are ideas about guitar soloing that Lee's friend Jimi Hendrix rode into the stratosphere ; hints of the mysticism and transcendence that became the calling card of the Doors ; and the seeds of goth, orchestral pop, and other subgenres.

Murray now became more and more emotional in her defence of her ideas, claiming that anyone who opposed her did so out of religious prejudice.