* Kenneth J. Arrow ( 1994 ), " Methodological Individualism and Social Knowledge ," American Economic Review, 84 ( 2 ), p p. 1-9.

* Kaushik Basu ( 2008 ), " Methodological Individualism ," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition.

* Joseph Heath ( 2005 ), " Methodological Individualism ", Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward N. Zalta ( ed.

* Geoffrey Hodgson, ( 2007 ) " Meanings of Methodological Individualism ", Journal of Economic Methodology 14 ( 2 ), June, pp. 211 – 26.

* Steven Lukes ( 1968 ), " Methodological Individualism Reconsidered ," British Journal of Sociology 19, pp. 119 – 29.

* Ron McClamrock ( 1991 ), " Methodological Individualism Considered as a Constituive Principle of Scientific Inquiry ", Philosophical Psychology.

* Ludwig von Mises, " The Principle of Methodological Individualism ", chapt.

* Lars Udéhn ( 2001 ), Methodological Individualism: Background, History and Meaning ( London and New York: Routledge ).

* Lars Udéhn ( 2002 ), " The Changing Face of Methodological Individualism ", Annual Review of Sociology, 28, pp. 479 – 507.

Influential to thinkers associated with Postmodernism are Heidegger's critique of the subject-object or sense-knowledge division implicit in Rationalism, Empiricism and Methodological Naturalism, his repudiation of the idea that facts exist outside or separately from the process of thinking and speaking them ( however, Heidegger is not specifically a Nominalist ), his related admission that the possibilities of philosophical and scientific discourse are wrapped up in the practices and expectations of a society and that concepts and fundamental constructs are the expression of a lived, historical exercise rather than simple derivations of external, apriori conditions independent from historical mind and changing experience ( see Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Heinrich von Kleist, Weltanschauung and Social Constructionism ), and his Instrumentalist and Negativist notion that Being ( and, by extension, reality ) is an action, method, tendency, possibility and question rather than a discreet, positive, identifiable state, answer or entity ( see also Process Philosophy, Dynamism, Instrumentalism, Pragmatism and Vitalism ).

" American Election Analysis: A Case History of Methodological Innovation and Diffusion ", in S. M. Lipset, ed, Politics and the Social Sciences ( Oxford University Press, 1969 ), 226-43.

* Ritzer, G .; P. Gindoff ( 1992 ) " Methodological relationism: lessons for and from social psychology ", Social Psychology Quarterly, 55 ( 2 ), pp. 128 – 140.

Friendship as a Social Process: A Substantive and Methodological Analysis.

* Paul Tibbetts, Tomas Kulka, J N Hattiangadi, " Feyerabend's ' Against Method ': The Case for Methodological Pluralism ", Philosophy of the Social Sciences 7: 3 ( 1977 ), 265-275.

Methodological Pragmatism: A Systems-Theoretic Approach to the Theory of Knowledge.

He has published several books, including The Structure and Growth of Scientific Knowledge: A Study in the Methodology of Epistemic Appraisal ( 1982 ), Methodological Variance: Es-says in Epistemological Ontology and the Methodology of Science ( 1991 ), Von der Oekologie des Bewusstseins zum Umweltrealismus ( 1995 ).

* Gale, George, " Cosmology: Methodological Debates in the 1930s and 1940s ", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward N. Zalta ( ed.

" Tayil as Category and Communication among the Argentine Mapuche: A Methodological Suggestion ", Yearbook of the International Folk Music Council 8: 35 – 42.

* Fodor, Jerry ( 1980 ) " Methodological Solipsism Considered as a Research Strategy in Cognitive Psychology ", Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3: 1.

** Fisch, Shalom M. and Lewis Bernstein, " Formative Research Revealed: Methodological and Process Issues in Formative Research ", pp. 39 – 60.

** Fisch, Shalom M .; Lewis Bernstein, " Formative Research Revealed: Methodological and Process Issues in Formative Research ", pp. 39 – 60.

This ORB poll estimate came under criticism in a peer reviewed paper called " Conflict Deaths in Iraq: A Methodological Critique of the ORB Survey Estimate ", published in the journal Survey Research Methods.

Fred K. Schaefer's article Exceptionalism in geography: A Methodological Examination published in American journal Annals ( Association of American Geographers ) and his critique of regionalism had a big impact on economic geography.

* Curti, Merle E. " Frontier in American History: the Methodological Concepts of Frederick Jackson Turner ," in Stuart Rice, ed.

* Feldman, Richard ( 1999 ), " Methodological Naturalism in Epistemology ," in The Blackwell Guide to Epistemology, edited by John Greco and Ernest Sosa, Malden, Ma: Blackwell, pp. 170-186.

* Historiography as a Hypothetical-Deductive Science: A Criticism of Methodological Historism, in: Colin Cheyne / John Worrall ( eds ), Rationality and Reality.

Series B ( Methodological ), Vol.

) Network Analysis: Methodological Foundations, pp. 16 – 61, LNCS 3418, Springer-Verlag.

Methodological rhetorical criticism is typically done by deduction, where a broad method is used to examine a specific case of rhetoric.

* Cohen, N. & Arieli, T. ( 2011 ) Field research in conflict environments: Methodological challenges and snowball sampling.

( 2008 ) Despoblado or Athapaskan Heartland: A Methodological Perspective on Ancestral Apache Landscape Use in the Safford Area.

Methodological reductionism is the position that the best scientific strategy is to attempt to reduce explanations to the smallest possible entities.

Methodological reductionism would thus hold that the atomic explanation of a substance's boiling point is preferable to the chemical explanation, and that an explanation based on even smaller particles ( quarks and leptons, perhaps ) would be even better.

Methodological reductionism, therefore, is the position that all scientific theories either can or should be reduced to a single super-theory through the process of theoretical reduction.

Methodological reductionism is the position that the best scientific strategy is to attempt to reduce explanations to the smallest possible entities.

Methodological reductionism would thus hold that the atomic explanation of a substance ’ s boiling point is preferable to the chemical explanation, and that an explanation based on even smaller particles ( quarks, perhaps ) would be even better.

Brain in a vat. Methodological solipsism may be a sort of weak agnostic ( meaning " missing knowledge ") solipsism.

Methodological solipsists simply emphasize that justifications of an external world must be founded on indisputable facts about their own consciousness.

Methodological Failings.

" Case-Based Reasoning: Foundational Issues, Methodological Variations, and System Approaches " Artificial Intelligence Communications 7, no.

* Beck, Ulrich & Beck-Gernsheim, Elisabeth ( 2002 ) Individualization: Institutionalized Individualism and its Social and Political Consequences.