Methods for relative dating were developed when geology first emerged as a formal science.

This led in turn to one of the first large scale Formal Methods for development, VDM.

The first half of the 20th century saw the publication of two influential textbooks that soon came to be regarded as founding documents of chemical thermodynamics, both of which used and extended Gibbs's work in that field: these were Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Processes ( 1923 ), by Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall, and Modern Thermodynamics by the Methods of Willard Gibbs ( 1933 ), by Edward A. Guggenheim.

* Italian philosopher Giambattista Vico delivers his inaugural lecture to the University of Naples, published as his first book, On the Study Methods of Our Time, in 1709.

Nonetheless, Walter Isard's first book in 1956, Location and Space Economy, apparently captured the imagination of many, and his third, Methods of Regional Analysis, published in 1960, only sealed his position as the father of the field.

The Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare, usually called the Geneva Protocol, is a treaty prohibiting the first use of chemical and biological weapons.

In 1940, at age 21, Eckert applied for his first patent, " Light Modulating Methods and Apparatus ".

Methods of the first class model conditional density functions.

In 1949 R C Yeates ' book " Geometric Methods " described three allowed constructions corresponding to the first, second, and fifth of the Huzita – Hatori axioms.

In 1873, American engineer Willard Gibbs published his first thermodynamics paper, “ Graphical Methods in the Thermodynamics of Fluids ”, in which Gibbs used the two coordinates of the entropy and volume to represent the state of the body.

According to the botanist Peter Collinson, who visited the physic garden in July 1764 and recorded his observation in his commonplace books, Miller " has raised the reputation of the Chelsea Garden so much that it excels all the gardens of Europe for its amazing variety of plants of all orders and classes and from all climates ..." He wrote The Gardener's and Florists Dictionary or a Complete System of Horticulture ( 1724 ) and The Gardener's Dictionary containing the Methods of Cultivating and Improving the Kitchen Fruit and Flower Garden, which first appeared in 1731 in an impressive folio and passed through eight expanding editions in his lifetime and was translated to Dutch by Job Baster.

It was published first in English as Epidemiology: A guide to Teaching Methods and also published in French, German, Polish, Serbo-Croat Slovak, and Spanish editions ; and editions in Russian and Slovakare in preparation.

One of Apithy's first actions in Paris was naming his membership with the Commissions on Methods of Communication, Economic Affairs, and Finances.

By 1873, for example, thermodynamicist Josiah Willard Gibbs, in his memoir Graphical Methods in the Thermodynamics of Fluids, clearly stated the first two absolute laws of thermodynamics.

* Alice Luce ( 1873-1955 ), first an Anglican missionary in India, and subsequently an Assemblies of God missionary among Hispanics along the U. S .- Mexico border, was influenced by Allen's theory of missions and in 1921 she wrote a series of articles, " Paul's Missionary Methods ," for the Pentecostal Evangel.

It is with this background that Allen wrote his book Missionary Methods which was first published in 1912.

In addition, during July 1957 Public Health Methods began implementing the National Health Survey Act of 1956, conducting the first periodic national surveys of chronic disease morbidity and health services: the triennial Health Interview Survey, and the mobile Health Examination Survey ( which in 1971 became the Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ).

He also created the first statistics laboratory in the U. S. at Iowa State, and was a pioneer of modern applied statistics in the U. S. His 1938 textbook Statistical Methods became an essential resource: " In the 1970s, a review of citations in published scientific articles from all areas of science showed that Snedecor's Statistical Methods was the most frequently cited book.

In 1970, he published his first book, Statistical Methods in Education and Psychology, with his adviser Julian C. Stanley as co-author.

Methods of dispersing it were later developed and tested by releasing harmless bacteria through subway system ventilation shafts first in Moscow and then in Novosibirsk.

The Journal of Ecology was first published in 1913 in time for the inaugural meeting of the society, followed by the Journal of Animal Ecology ( 1932 ), Journal of Applied Ecology ( 1964 ), Functional Ecology ( 1987 ), and Methods in Ecology and Evolution ( 2010 ).

The Second Language Writing IS ; it held its first meeting in Tampa in March 2006, covering topics ranging from “ Broadening Perspectives in Second Language Writing ” and “ Alternative Placement Methods for Second Language Writers ” to “ Issues in Technologies for L2 Composition Classrooms ” and “ Crossing Bridges with Second Language Writing Partnerships .”

Morse co-authored Methods of Operations Research, the first OR textbook in the U. S., with George E. Kimball based on the Navy work.

Prior to the arrival of Mellen in 1951, the ESS group had a training film to introduce the three TWI " J " programs ( Job Instruction, Job Methods and Job Relations )--- the film was titled " Improvement in 4 Steps " ( Kaizen eno Yon Dankai ).

Methods that have been found to be effective include interventions directed at or via health care providers and health care systems ; medications including nicotine replacement therapy ( NRT ) and varenicline ; individual and group counselling ; and Web-based or stand-alone and computer programs.

*" Project: Algebraic and Syntactic Methods in Computer Science ( ASMICS 2 )" Université Paris 7, Laboratoire Informatique Théorique et Programmation ( working group )

Methods such as dehumanization allow individuals to detach more easily from moral responsibility, and group influence increase the chance that individuals will concede to conformity and compliance.

The group liaises with other related groups such as the Centre for Software Reliability, Formal Methods Europe, the London Mathematical Society Computer Committee, the Safety-Critical Systems Club, and the Z User Group.

Methods that employ a distance function, such as nearest neighbor methods and support vector machines with Gaussian kernels, are particularly sensitive to this.

Methods for IBV antigens detection may employ labelled antibodies, such as direct immunofluorescence or immunoperoxidase.

Methods of sterilization exist using radiation such as electron beams, X-rays, gamma rays, or subatomic particles.

Methods that use more than one determinant are not strictly post-Hartree – Fock methods, as they use a single determinant as reference, but they often use similar perturbation, or configuration interaction methods to improve the description of electron correlation.

" Particle induced X-ray emission: a valuable tool for the analysis of metalpoint ," Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 226 ( 2004 ), 60 – 74.

Methods include simply looking at the night sky with the naked eye, using binoculars, and using a variety of optical telescopes of varying power and quality, as well as additional sophisticated equipment, such as cameras, to study light from the sky in both the visual and non-visual parts of the spectrum.

* Article Using Customer Tests to Drive Development from Methods & Tools

* Article Acceptance TDD Explained from Methods & Tools

Methods that do not include any empirical or semi-empirical parameters in their equations – being derived directly from theoretical principles, with no inclusion of experimental data – are called ab initio methods.

Methods used to estimate the weight of large male Pteranodon specimens ( those with wingspans of about 7 meters ) have been notoriously unreliable, producing a wide range of estimates from as low as and as high as.

Methods of study range from questionnaire surveys to participant observation.

*" Actuarially Speaking: A Plain Language Summary of Actuarial Methods and Practices for Public Employee Pension and Other Post-Employment Benefits ," from the California Research Bureau ( CRB ) at the California State Library

Methods from around the world involved saliva and examination of the mouth and tongue to determine innocence or guilt.

This section uses text from Methods in Plant Histology.

Methods have also improved dramatically, advancing from examination of animals through dissection of cadavers to technologically complex techniques developed in the 20th century.

Methods employed in cognitive neuroscience include experimental paradigms from psychophysics and cognitive psychology, functional neuroimaging, electrophysiology, cognitive genomics and behavioral genetics.

Therefore, considering the fact that the " Discount " must match the benefits obtained from a similar Investment Asset, the " Discount Yield " must be used within the same compounding mechanism to negotiate an increase in the size of the " Discount " whenever the time period the payment is delayed or extended .< Ref Name =" Economics_Discount "/> The “ Discount Rate ” is the rate at which the “ Discount ” must grow as the delay in payment is extended .< Ref Name =" MathEcon_Chiang "> Alpha C Chiang, " Fundamental Methods of Mathematical Economics, Third Edition ", McGraw Hill Book Company, 1984 .</ ref > This fact is directly tied into the " Time Value of Money " and its calculations.

* Dating Methods from pastperfect. info at the Internet Archive.

It seems that certain mathematicians took this literary challenge literally, and Fadiman follows it with an excerpt from " Ingenious Mathematical Problems and Methods ," by L. A. Graham, who had evidently posed the problem in a mathematics journal.

Methods for nutrient intake vary, with animals and protists consuming foods that are digested by an internal digestive system, but most plants ingest nutrients directly from the soil through their roots or from the atmosphere.

Methods used to teach subtraction to elementary school varies from country to country, and within a country, different methods are in fashion at different times.

Methods of removing water from bilges have included buckets, and pumps.

Methods vary greatly, and different technical analysts can sometimes make contradictory predictions from the same data.

Methods to stabilise macadam roads with tar date back to at least 1834, when John Henry Cassell, operating from Cassell's Patent Lava Stone Works in Millwall, patented " Pitch Macadam ".

Methods are defined separately from classes, and they have no special access ( e. g. this, self, or protected ) to class slots.

Methods of avoidance include reuse of second-hand products, repairing broken items instead of buying new, designing products to be refillable or reusable ( such as cotton instead of plastic shopping bags ), encouraging consumers to avoid using disposable products ( such as disposable cutlery ), removing any food / liquid remains from cans, packaging, ... and designing products that use less material to achieve the same purpose ( for example, lightweighting of beverage cans ).

Methods such as the ' frequency of optimal codons ' ( Fop ), the Relative Codon Adaptation ( RCA ) or the ' Codon Adaptation Index ' ( CAI ) are used to predict gene expression levels, while methods such as the ' effective number of codons ' ( Nc ) and Shannon entropy from information theory are used to measure codon usage evenness.

Methods for establishing reference ranges are mainly based on assuming a normal distribution or a log-normal distribution, or directly from percentages of interest, as detailed respectively in following sections.