Advanced power management ( APM ) is an API developed by Intel and Microsoft and released in 1992 which enables an operating system running an IBM-compatible personal computer to work with the BIOS ( part of the computer's firmware ) to achieve power management.

In 1975, MITS released Altair BASIC, developed by Bill Gates and Paul Allen as the company Micro-Soft, which grew into today's corporate giant, Microsoft.

The technology was first introduced in software in January 2000 as an always-on feature of Microsoft Reader, which was released to the public in August 2000.

Doom became a " killer app " that all capable consoles and operating systems were expected to have, and versions of Doom have subsequently been released for the following systems: DOS, Microsoft Windows, Linux, Apple Macintosh, Super NES, Sega 32X, Sony PlayStation, Game Boy Advance, iOS, Symbian OS, RISC OS, Atari Jaguar, Sega Saturn, Nintendo 64, Tapwave Zodiac, 3DO, Xbox, and Xbox Live Arcade.

Two other groups contributed to the design of the language and developed implementations: Harlequin released a commercial IDE for Microsoft Windows and Carnegie Mellon University released an open source compiler for Unix systems.

Netscape's competitor, Microsoft, released Internet Explorer 3. 0 later the same year with a port of JavaScript called JScript.

In 1997, Netscape and Microsoft released version 4. 0 of Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer respectively, adding support for Dynamic HTML ( DHTML ), functionality enabling changes to a loaded HTML document.

Initially developed ( though not publicly released ) on the Atari ST, the first commercial release was for the 16-bit Microsoft MS-DOS platform and was proprietary.

Craig ported his original Atari implementation to the 16-bit Microsoft MS-DOS platform and Euphoria was first released ( version 1. 0 ) in July, 1993 under a proprietary licence.

The first independent version of Microsoft Windows, version 1. 0, released on 20 November 1985, achieved little popularity.

Microsoft Windows scored a significant success with Windows 3. 0, released in May 1990.

Later Microsoft also released Windows 3. 11, a touch-up to Windows 3. 1 which included all of the patches and updates that followed the release of Windows 3. 1 in 1992.

Around the same time, Microsoft released Windows for Workgroups ( WfW ), which was available both as an add-on for existing Windows 3. 1 installations and in a version that included the base Windows environment and the networking extensions all in one package.

Microsoft marketing adopted Windows 95 as the product name for Chicago when it was released on 24 August 1995.

Microsoft released Windows NT 4. 0 to manufacturing in July 1996, one year after the release of Windows 95.

On 25 June 1998, Microsoft released Windows 98 ( codenamed Memphis ).

In 1999, Microsoft released Windows 98 Second Edition, an interim release.

Microsoft released Windows 2000 in February 2000.

On 25 August 2001, Microsoft released Windows XP ( codenamed " Whistler ").

December 2005, Microsoft released Windows Server 2003 R2, which is actually Windows Server 2003 with SP1 ( Service Pack 1 ) plus an add-on package.

On 25 April 2005, Microsoft released Windows XP Professional x64 Edition and Windows Server 2003, x64 Editions in Standard, Enterprise and Datacenter SKUs.

In July 2006, Microsoft released a thin-client version of Windows XP Service Pack 2, called Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs ( WinFLP ).

Even though Microsoft released a cheap version of Adventure with its initial version of MS-DOS 1. 0 for IBM PCs, Zork I was still a popular seller for the PC, thanks to the superior quality of its writing and packaging.

Many companies sold TCP / IP stacks for Windows until Microsoft released its own TCP / IP stack in Windows 95.

They are mainly used by Microsoft and can range from extremely restrictive to comparable with free open-source software.

The Microsoft Windows Script Host ( WSH ) is an automation technology for Microsoft Windows operating systems that provides scripting abilities comparable to batch files, but with a wider range of supported features.

While Pegasus Mail and Mercury handle email only, the function of Pegasus Mail is comparable to Microsoft Outlook's mail handling, and Mercury to Microsoft Exchange Server.

The Java Foundation Classes are comparable to the Microsoft Foundation Class ( MFC ) library.

While it is seen as a replacement for the earlier and more complex C ++ based Microsoft Foundation Class Library, it does not offer a paradigm comparable to Model – View – Controller.

This software, which is comparable both in user interface and feature set to Microsoft Office 2003 or LibreOffice, is written in Java to allow for easy porting across platforms, and as such looks and operates exactly the same way whether it's installed locally or run from a server.

GNAVI for Microsoft Windows aims to offer comparable features to Delphi and Visual Basic including the use of Active X controls and the ability to interface with Microsoft's. NET Framework and Sun's Java.

Microsoft Silverlight provides functionality that is mostly a subset of WPF to provide embedded web controls comparable to Adobe Flash.

OpenOffice. org Base (" Base " for short ), a database module roughly comparable to desktop databases such as Microsoft Access and Corel Paradox, initially appeared with OpenOffice. org version 2. 0.

It is more advanced than Notepad but simpler than Microsoft Works Word Processor and Microsoft Word.

The game was originally intended to be a much larger in scope open-world platformer but due to the Microsoft buyout and time constraints a simpler design and concept was adopted.

Microsoft had a double gain from its release: first, it made it impossible for consumers to run Windows 95 on a cheaper, non-Microsoft DOS ; secondly, although traces of DOS were never completely removed from the system and MS DOS 7 would be loaded briefly as a part of the booting process, Windows 95 applications ran solely in 386 enhanced mode, with a flat 32-bit address space and virtual memory.

In Microsoft Windows 2000 and later, a registry setting can be changed to enable a debugging feature that allows the user to manually crash the system, generating a memory dump for analysis.

On Microsoft Windows, a process that accesses invalid memory receives the STATUS_ACCESS_VIOLATION exception.

An in-kernel web server ( like TUX on GNU / Linux or Microsoft IIS on Windows ) will usually work faster, because, as part of the system, it can directly use all the hardware resources it needs, such as non-paged memory, CPU time-slices, network adapters, or buffers.

In order to improve performance on servers running Windows 2000, Microsoft gave administrators the choice of optimizing the operating system's memory and processor usage patterns for background services or for applications.

To expand PCs beyond one megabyte, Lotus, Intel, and Microsoft jointly created expanded memory ( EMS ), a bank-switching scheme to allow more memory provided by add-in hardware, and accessed by a set of four 16-Kilobyte " windows " inside the 20-bit addressing.

Later, Intel CPUs had larger address spaces and could directly address 16-Megabytes ( MiBs ) ( 80286 ) or more, causing Microsoft to develop extended memory ( XMS ) which did not require additional hardware.

The source material may be encoded in any number of special page description languages such as Adobe PostScript ( PS, BR-Script ), HP Printer Command Language ( PCL ), or Microsoft Open XML Paper Specification ( OpenXPS ) generate a bitmap of the final page in the raster memory.

In computing, DLL Hell is a term for the complications that arise when working with dynamic link libraries ( DLLs ) used with Microsoft Windows operating systems, particularly legacy 16-bit editions which all run in a single memory space.

Symphony for DOS is a program that loads entirely into memory on startup, and can run as a DOS task on versions of Microsoft Windows ( 3. x / 95 / 98 / ME ).

By the early 1980s, the chaos and incompatibility of the first years had given way to a smaller number of de-facto industry standards, including the S-100 bus, CP / M, the Apple II, Microsoft BASIC in read-only memory ( ROM ), and the 5. 25 inch floppy drive.

The operating system ( prominent examples being z / OS, Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X and Linux ), allows the parts of a computer to work together by performing tasks like transferring data between memory and disks or rendering output onto a display device.

A persistent bug in Microsoft Update affecting XP computers with limited internal memory is that it allows the update programs wuauclt. exe and svchost. exe to claim 100 % of the computers ' memory for extended periods of time ( up to hours ) making affected computers unusable.

Virtual memory has been a feature of Microsoft Windows since Windows 3. 0 in 1990.

Microsoft introduced virtual memory in response to the failures of Windows 1. 0 and Windows 2. 0, attempting to slash resource requirements for the operating system.

This allowed a 386 to implement the LIM ( Lotus, Intel, Microsoft ) EMS ( expanded memory specification ).

Microsoft released Microsoft Windows version 3. 0 with its own memory management and multitasking features.

To catch on, Microsoft included its own EMM386 in MS-DOS 5. 0, while previously the memory management functionality was only available with Windows.

Since MS-DOS has given way to Microsoft Windows and other 32-bit operating systems not restricted by the original arbitrary 640KiB limit of the IBM PC, managing the memory of a personal computer no longer requires the user to manually manipulate internal settings and parameters of the system.

A supervising protected-mode operating system such as Microsoft Windows manages application programs access to memory.

A protected-mode operating system such as Microsoft Windows can also run real-mode programs and provide expanded memory to them.

" The use of expanded memory became common with games and business programs in the late 1980s through the mid-1990s, but its use declined as users switched from DOS to 32-bit operating systems such as Microsoft Windows and Linux.