Mommsen, however, argues that the passage refers to members of the First Class of commoners being admitted to cavalry service in 403 BC for the first time as an emergency measure.

The chief magistrate of the Aedui in Caesar's time was called Vergobretus ( according to Mommsen, " judgment-worker "), who was elected annually, possessed powers of life and death, but was forbidden to go beyond the frontier.

Historians such as Theodore Mommsen and Bernard Bavant aruge that all Dalmatia was fully romanized and Latin speaking by the 4th century.

Merchants and artisans from many parts of the Roman world established themselves in coastal Libya and the province was greatly " Romanized ", according to Theodore Mommsen.

Already in the Mommsen text edition of 1882 it was suggested that the very long name of Jordanes ' father should be split into two parts: Alanovii Amuthis, both genitive forms.

It falls before the simple fact that the first part of the Liber Pontificalis was compiled long before these dissensions, most probably ( Duchesne ) by a Roman cleric in the reign of Pope Boniface II ( 530 – 532 ), or ( Waitz and Mommsen ) early in the 7th century.

There are, however, many historians such as Martin Broszat and Hans Mommsen who dismiss this " intentionalist " approach, and argue that the concept was actually an " ideological metaphor " in the early days of Nazism.

His papers on epigraphy ( collected in Commentationes epigraphicae, i vols., 1850-54 ) brought him into conflict with Theodor Mommsen in connexion with the preparation of the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, a scheme for which, drawn up by Mommsen, was approved in 1847.

The German historian Hans Mommsen in a 1997 interview claimed that a major motive for the pogrom was the desire of the Gauleiters of the NSDAP to seize Jewish property and businesses.

Mommsen was quoted as saying: " The need for money by the party organization stemmed from the fact that Franz Xaver Schwarz, the party treasurer, kept the local and regional organizations of the party short of money.

T. Mommsen states that Sallust acted in Pompey's interests ( according to Mommsen, Pompey was prepearing to install his own dictatorship ).

However, Theodor Mommsen has shown that the Mathesis was composed in the year 336 and not in 354 as was formerly held, thus making it an earlier work than De errore profanarum religionum, and could have been written prior to Firmicus ' conversion to Christianity.

Mommsen thought he was rex sacrorum of Rome, view that is now not considered probable.

The apparently needless cruelty of Mummius in Corinth, by no means characteristic of him, is explained by Mommsen as due to the instructions of the senate, prompted by the mercantile party, which was eager to dispel a dangerous commercial rival.

After his death, the revised edition of the text was completed by JG Baiter and K Halm, and contained numerous emendations by Theodor Mommsen and JN Madvig.

Having taken part in 1849 with Otto Jahn and Theodor Mommsen in a political agitation for the maintenance of the imperial constitution, Haupt was deprived of his professorship by a decree of April 22, 1855.

It was founded in 1853 by Theodor Mommsen and is the first and major organization aiming at a comprehensive survey.

The leading figure of this committee was Theodor Mommsen ( who wrote several of the volumes covering Italy ).

It was given a critical edition by Theodor Mommsen in 1882.

The picture Mommsen has consistently drawn of the Final Solution is of an aloof Hitler largely unwilling and incapable of active involvement in administration who presided over an incredibly disorganized regime.

Mommsen has drawn unfavorable comparisons between what he sees as conservative opposition and Social Democratic and Communist resistance to the Nazis.

* The Civil Law English translation ( from Latin editions earlier than that of Mommsen and Krueger ) by S. P.

* Annotated Justinian Code English translation ( from the Mommsen and Krueger edition ) by Fred H. Blume, 1943 ; revised by Timothy Kearley, 2005-2009 ( greatly preferable to Scott's translation )

T M Nguyen, T P Mommsen, S M Mims, J M Conlon. 1994. Characterization of insulins and proglucagon-derived peptides from a phylogenetically ancient fish, the paddlefish: Polyodon spathula. Biochem J. 300 ( Pt 2 ): 339 – 345

J M Conlon, J H Youson, T P Mommsen. 1993. Structure and biological activity of glucagon and glucagon-like peptide from a primitive bony fish, the bowfin: Amia calva. J. 295 ( Pt 3 ): 857 – 861.

Jäckel charged that Fest was guilty of diverting attention away from the issues by attacking Habermas's motives in criticizing Nolte, and not with concerning himself with what Habermas had to say Jäckel maintained that the Holocaust was indeed a " singular " historical event and criticized Fest for claiming otherwise Mommsen accused Fest of subordinating history to his right-wing politics in his defence of Nolte Mommsen went on to accuse Fest of simply ignoring the real issues such as the " psychological and institutional mechanisms " that explain why the German people accepted the Holocaust by accepting Nolte's claim of a " causal nexus " between Communism and fascism.

Historian Theodore Mommsen estimated that under Hadrian nearly 1 / 3 of the eastern Numidia population ( roughly modern Tunisia ) was descended from Roman veterans.

The case of Goerdeler has been used by the historian Hans Mommsen to support his view of " resistance as a process ", with Goerdeler going from an ally of the regime to increasing disillusionment by Nazi economic policies in the mid-1930s, and finally becoming committed to the regime's overthrow by 1937.

* Mommsen, Hans " German Society And The Resistance Against Hitler, 1933-1945 " pages 255-276 from The Third Reich The Essential Readings edited by Christian Leitz, London: Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-20700-7.

* Frankenstein, Robert " The Decline of France and French Appeasement Policies, 1936-9 " pages 236 – 245 from The Fascist Challenge and the Policy of Appeasement edited by Wolfgang Mommsen and Lothar Kettenacker, George Allen & Unwin, London, United Kingdom, 1983, ISBN 0-04-940068-1.

" Having been dismissed from the University for revolutionary activities, Mommsen would accept the publishing proposal " partly for my livelihood, and partly because the work greatly appeals to me.

From here Mommsen skillfully unrolls the huge canvas of Rome's long development from rural town to world capital.

Writing in highly aggressive language, Mommsen has from the mid-1960s argued for the " weak dictator " thesis.

Mommsen argued that Hitler did not have a set of rational political beliefs to operate from, and instead held a very few strongly held, but vague ideas that were not capable of providing a basis for rational thinking.

* Along the same lines, these historians have criticized Mommsen for focusing too much on initiatives coming from below in the ranks of the German bureaucracy and not enough on initiatives coming from above in the leadership in Berlin.

The Israeli historian Omer Bartov wrote in 2003 about Mommsen ’ s functionalist understanding of the Third Reich that :" In this reading, ideology is recognized and then dismissed as irrelevant ; the suffering of the victims is readily acknowledged and then omitted as having nothing to tell us about the mechanics of genocide ; and individual perpetrators from Adolf Hitler, Heinrich Himmler and Reinhard Heyrdrich to the lowliest SS man are shoved out of the historical picture as contemptible, but ultimately unimportant pawns in the larger scheme of a “ polycratic state ” whose predilection for “ cumulative radicalization ” was a function of its structure rather the product of intentional planning or self-proclaimed will ”

Mommsen argued that all theories of totalitarianism were meant by the right for the “ bracketing out ” of Nazi Germany from German history, and to put down the left.

In Mommsen ’ s view, conservative historians worked to write: “… the history of the Third Reich was stylized as a fated doom from which there was no escape and from which no concrete political impulses could reach the present.

Mommsen argued that the Historikerstreit was caused because German rightists could no longer “ bracket out ” National Socialism and the Holocaust from German history, thus leading to attempts by Ernst Nolte to “ relativize ” Nazi crimes.

Mommsen wrote :“ The extensive repression of nationalistic resentment, which has led to a normalization of the relationship with the neighboring peoples and even has reduced xenophobia, is being described from the conservative side as a potential danger to political stability and as a putative “ loss of identity ”.

Highly influential German classicist historians were Barthold Georg Niebuhr ( 1776-1831 ) and Theodor Mommsen ( 1817-1903 ) Historians of Germany included Johann Gustav Droysen ( 1808-84 ), Heinrich von Sybel ( 1817-95 ), and Heinrich von Treitschke ( 1834-96 ).

According to Theodor Mommsen ( The History of Rome, volume 4, The Revolution, ISBN 1-4353-4597-5, page 4 ), 1 January became the first day of the year in 600 AUC of the Roman Calendar ( 153 BC ), due to disasters in the Lusitanian War.

* T Mommsen, The Roman Provinces ( English translation, 1886 ), i. pp. 16, 161, 196

The commentary by Saumaise in his Plinianae exercitationes ( 1689 ) is indispensable ; best edition by Mommsen ( 1895 ), with valuable introduction on the manuscripts, the authorities used by Solinus, and subsequent compilers.

Later recipients included Thomas Babington Macaulay ( 1853 ), John C. Frémont ( 1860 ), Theodor Mommsen ( 1868 ), Charles Darwin ( 1868 ), Thomas Carlyle ( 1874 ) ( who never accepted any other honor ), Henry Wadsworth Longfellow ( 1875 ), William Thomson, Lord Kelvin ( 1884 ), Heinrich von Treitschke ( 1887 ), Johannes Brahms ( 1887 ), Giuseppe Verdi ( 1887 ), William Henry Flower ( 1899 ), Camille Saint-Saëns ( 1901 ), Luigi Cremona ( 1903 ), John Singer Sargent ( 1908 ), Ferdinand von Zeppelin ( 1910 ), Otto Lessing ( sculptor ) ( 1911 ), Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen ( 1911 ), Sir William Ramsay ( 1911 ), Max Planck ( 1915 ), and Rudolph Sohm ( 1916 ).