In 1799, the Duke of Zweibrücken succeeded to the Electorate of Bavaria, and he kept Montgelas as his most trusted adviser.

Already in 1796, when the Duke of Zweibrücken ( after the French advance towards Zweibrücken ) was a landless prince exiled in Ansbach, Montgelas had developed a masterplan for the future modernisation of Bavaria.

When his employer succeeded to the Duchy, Montgelas was named Minister, and in that capacity he attended the Second Congress of Rastatt in 1798, where the reconstruction of Germany, which was the consequence of the French Revolution, was in full swing.

* Kofi Annan and Montgelas ( funny shot, unknown where taken )

In 1817 Ludwig was also involved in the fall of Prime Minister Count Max Josef von Montgelas.

Maximilian Josef Garnerin, Count von Montgelas ( September 12, 1759 Munich – June 14, 1838 Munich ) was a Bavarian statesman, from a noble family in Savoy.

Montgelas was the inspirer and director of the policy by which the Electorate of Bavaria was turned into a kingdom in 1806, and was very much increased in size by the annexation of church lands, free towns and small lordships.

As this end was achieved by undeviating servility to Napoleon, and the most cynical disregard of the rights of Bavaria's German neighbors, Montgelas became the type of an unpatriotic politician in the eyes of all Germans who revolted against the supremacy of France.

As late as 1813, when Napoleon's power was visibly breaking down, and Montgelas knew the internal weakness of his empire well from visits to Paris, he still continued to maintain that France was necessary to Bavaria.

The decision of the king to turn against Napoleon in 1814 was taken under the influence of his son and of Marshal Wrede rather than of Montgelas, though the minister would not have been influenced by any feeling of sentimentality to adhere to an ally who had ceased to be useful.

This lengthy paper, the " Ansbacher mémoire " was rediscovered in the 1960s and published in 1970 by the Bavarian historian Eberhard Weis, who also is Montgelas ' biographer.

Montgelas was responsible for the abolition of the torture in 1812 by introducing a new penal code based on contemporary humanitarian standards.

Montgelas was also responsible for the abolition of all tolls within the kingdom of Bavaria thus enabling free trade within the country.

Montgelas was attempting to sever the Mortmain that had driven the state to the treasury to the brink of financial ruin under Karl Theodor.

Montgelas, again in keeping with principles of the Enlightenment and the Napoleonic reorganization of Europe that favored the establishment of absolute secular authority over against religion, eliminating such exercises of authority by and resources from church institutions was necessary.

Monastic life as such was viewed by Montgelas, in keeping with the most religiously hostile forms of Enlightenment thinking, as useless, at best, and as a breeding ground of " superstition.

Nevertheless the Munich-born Montgelas always wanted to be addressed as a Bavarian by nationality.

Aluminium sculpture of Maximilian von Montgelas, Promenadeplatz Munich, 2005 by Karin Sander

In internal affairs, Montgelas carried out a policy of secularization and of administrative centralization by determined means, which showed that he had never wholly renounced his opinions of the time of the Enlightenment movement.

Bust of Maximilian von Montgelas by Johann Peter Melchior

The Minister of Education, Maximilian von Montgelas, initiated a number of reforms that sought to modernize the rather conservative and Jesuit-influenced university.

His father John Sigmund Garnerin, Baron Montgelas, entered the military service of Maximilian III, Elector of Bavaria, and married the Countess Ursula von Trauner.

From his own conduct and his written defence of his policy it is clear that such sentiments as theirs appeared to be merely childish to Montgelas.

Montgelas enforced the taxation of the nobility and the clergy.

Montgelas passed the first modern constitution for Bavaria in 1808, which included the abolition of any relics of serfdom that had survived until then.

Thus Montgelas broke the preponderance of the nobility in the higher and decisive ranks of public administration.

Thus Montgelas refounded the civil service on new ethics and created a social group of servants loyal only to the crown and kingdom of Bavaria.

In order to reduce the political and cultural influence of the Catholic Church in Bavaria in favor of the secular state, Montgelas extended civil rights, including citizenship, to Protestants.

Along these lines, Montgelas secularized — that is seized for the use and benefit of the State — many Catholic land-holdings, most especially the Bavarian monasteries.

The two older boys, Hans and Anders, his junior by a year, therefore went daily to the home of a warm and friendly wigmaker nearby for instruction in German ; ;

" To get baptized, Crossan writes, you went only to John ; to stop the movement one only needed to stop John ( therefore his movement ended with his death ).

The end came with a federal court decision in United States v. Motion Picture Patents Co. on October 1, 1915, which ruled that the MPPC's acts went " far beyond what was necessary to protect the use of patents or the monopoly which went with them " and was therefore an illegal restraint of trade under the Sherman Antitrust Act.

Typically, gravitational fields change only slightly over short distances, and the Earth ’ s field is nearly uniform at all locations on the Earth ’ s surface ; therefore, an object ’ s weight changes only slightly when it is moved from one location to another, and these small changes went unnoticed through much of history.

Kim therefore went home empty-handed.

Since demurrer procedure required an immediate ruling like a motion, many common law jurisdictions therefore went to a narrower understanding of pleadings as framing the issues in a case but not being motions in and of themselves, and replaced the demurrer with the motion to dismiss for failure to state a cause of action or the application to strike out particulars of claim.

Queen Mary herself went to trial at Fotheringhay Castle in Northamptonshire and denied her part in the plot, but her correspondence was the evidence ; therefore, Mary was sentenced to death.

* Payipwāt ( or Piapot: " who Knows the Secrets of the Sioux "), also known as " Hole in the Sioux " or Kisikawasan-‘ Flash in the Sky ’, Chief of the Cree-Assiniboine or the Young Dogs with great influence on neighboring Assiniboine, Downstream People, southern groups of the Upstream People and Saulteaux ( Plains Ojibwa ), born 1816, kidnapped as a child by the Sioux, he was freed about 1830 by Plains Cree, significant Shaman, most influential chief of the feared Young Dogs, convinced the Plains Cree to expand west in the Cypress Hills, the last refugee for bison groups, therefore disputed border area between Sioux, Assiniboine, Siksika Kainai and Cree, refused to participate in the raid on a Kainai camp near the present Lethbridge, Alberta, then the Young Dogs and their allies were content with the eastern Cypress Hills to the Milk River, Montana, does not participate at the negotiations on the Treaty 4 of 1874, he and Cheekuk, the most important chief of the Plains Ojibwa in the Qu ' Appelle area, signed on 9 September 1875 the treaty only as preliminary contract, tried with the chiefs of the River Cree Minahikosis (" Little Pine ") and Mistahi-maskwa (" Big Bear ") to erect a kind of Indian Territory for all the Plains Cree, Plains Ojibwa and Assiniboine-as Ottawa refused, he asked 1879-80 along with Kiwisünce ( cowessess-' Little Child ') and the Assiniboine for adjacent reserves in the Cypress Hills, Payipwāt settled in a reserve about 37 miles northeast of Fort Walsh, Minahikosis (" Little Pine ") and Papewes (‘ Lucky Man ’) asked successfully for reserves near the Assiniboine or Payipwāt-this allowed the Cree and Assiniboine to preserve their autonomy-because they went 1881 in Montana on bison hunting, stole Absarokee horses and alleged cattle killed, arrested the U. S. Army the Cree-Assiniboine group, disarmed and escorted them back to Canada-now unarmed, denied rations until the Cree and Assiniboine gave up their claims to the Cypress Hills and went north-in the following years the reserves changed several times and the tribes were trying repeated until to the Northwest Rebellion in 1885 to build an Indian Territory, Payipwāt remained under heavy guard, until his death he was a great spiritual leader, therefore Ottawa deposed Payipwāt on 15 April 1902 as chief, died in April 1908 on Piapot Reserve, Saskatchewan )

The comic went on sale several days in advance of the cover date ( actually being published up to ten days previously ), and therefore predates the debut of Ketcham's version.

The staff liked the voice and therefore changed Frink to be more like Julius Kelp, both in appearance and personality — he became more nerdy, and went from evil to just mad.

Orosius ’ s narrative abilities in forwarding this argument therefore went beyond the pessimism / optimism duality that was discussed in the previous section.

However, Machiavelli went far beyond other authors in his time, who in his opinion left things to fortune, and therefore to bad rulers, because of their Christian beliefs.

The talent therefore went into a repertory of new and dazzling mannerisms, which Teuffel calls " utter unreality.

The hardware component was a full-sized card which went into the Amiga 2000's unique single video expansion slot rather than the standard bus slots, and therefore could not be used with the A500 and A1000 models.

With a defense against Puerto Rican Victor Luvi Callejas looming ahead, Cruz went to Milan in February 1984, and, while defending his crown against Italian Loris Stecca, was stopped in round 12, therefore losing the world featherweight title.

The historian D. P. Kirby argues that Paulinus and Æthelburg must therefore have gone to Northumbria earlier than 624, and that Paulinus went north, not as a bishop, but as a priest, returning later to be consecrated.

The SFE went to court, claiming that LEPOs were futures and therefore that the ASX could not offer them.

The difference therefore between the supporters of the elder line, or Legitimists, and the Orléanists became profound, for it went down to the very foundations of government.

Maistre went on to argue that authority in politics should therefore derive from religion, and that in Europe this religious authority must ultimately lie with the Pope.

After getting up quickly from a knockdown at the count of four, Quarry went back to one knee and didn't stand again until the count of 10, and was therefore counted out, officially a knockout under the rules of boxing.

Ram Air Vs were not installed in GTOs at the factory ; it was available only as an " over-the-counter " product for professional racing, and therefore most went to Pontiac racers of the time.