As Caliph, Abu Bakr succeeded to the political and administrative functions previously exercised by Muhammad, since the religious function and authority of prophethood ended with Muhammad's death according to Islam.

Pressed by Russert on whether he agreed with Elijah Muhammad's preaching that whites are " blue-eyed devils ", Farrakhan responded:

For example, no symbols of Ramadan were evident in any scholarly literature of Muhammad's lifetime, yet in some places Ramadan is met with various decorations.

Sharia continued to undergo fundamental changes, beginning with the reigns of caliphs Abu Bakr ( 632 – 34 ) and Umar ( 634 – 44 ), during which time many questions were brought to the attention of Muhammad's closest comrades for consultation.

The Battle of Badr was a key battle in the early days of Islam and a turning point in Muhammad's struggle with his opponents among the Quraysh in Mecca.

Hafsa, Muhammad's widow and Caliph Umar's daughter, was entrusted with that Quranic text after the second Caliph Umar died.

Burton, in his rejection of the authenticity of the story, sided with L. Caetani, who wrote that the story was to be rejected not only on the basis of isnad, but because " had these hadiths even a degree of historical basis, Muhammad's reported conduct on this occasion would have given the lie to the whole of his previous prophetic activity.

" Lastly, Haykal argues that the story is inconsistent with Muhammad's personal life and is completely against the spirit of the Islamic message.

Revered as the Noble Sanctuary ( Bait-ul-Muqaddas ) and the location of Muhammad's journey to Jerusalem and ascent to heaven, the site is also associated with Jewish biblical prophets who are also venerated in Islam.

After Muhammad's return, he called all who would believe him to join with him and be Muslim. Other Islmaic scholars believe that the Prophet ascended to the Heaven from Al-Aqsa Mosque.

The Quran also attests to Muhammad's amicable relations with Jews.

Peters, they also began to connive with Muhammad's enemies in Mecca to overthrow him ( despite having signed a peace treaty ).

Peters, they also began to secretly to conspire with Muhammad's enemies in Mecca to overthrow him ( despite having been forced by their conquerors to sign a peace treaty.

In addition Muhammad's conflict with Jews was considered of rather minor importance.

According to Lewis, since the clash of Judaism and Islam was resolved and ended during Muhammad's lifetime with Muslim victory, no Muslim equivalent of the still unresolved theological dispute between Church and Israel fueled antisemitism.

Classical commentators viewed Muhammad's struggle with Jews as a minor episode in his career, but this has changed in modern times due to external influences.

However, they have none of the demonic qualities attributed to them in mediaeval Christian literature, neither is there anything comparable to the overwhelming preoccupation with Jews and Judaism ( except perhaps in the narratives on Muhammad's encounters with Medinan Jewry ) in Muslim traditional literature.

It is sealed with an imprint representing Muhammad's hand.

Muhammad then formed an alliance with the Western Karakhanid ruler Uthman ( who later married Muhammad's daughter ) against the Kara-Khitans.

This meeting did not include some of those with a strong interest in the matter — especially Ali ibn Abi Talib, Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law ; people who wanted Ali to be the caliph ( ruler ) ( later known as Shia ) still consider Abu Bakr an illegitimate leader and caliphate.

While the commonly held view among historians, most Westerners and some lay Muslims is that Islam originated in Arabia with Muhammad's first recitations of the Qur ' an in the 7th century CE, In Islam ` s view, the Qur ' an itself asserts that it was Adam who is the first Muslim ( in the sense of believing in God and surrendering to God and God's commands ).

Firstly, because of his involvement in the Battle of Siffin against Ali, whom the Shia Muslims believe was Muhammad's true successor ( see Succession to Muhammad ); secondly, for the breaking of the treaty he made with Hasan ibn Ali, after the death of Hassan ibn Ali, one of broken terms being appointing his son Yazid as his successor ; thirdly, on account of his responsibility for the killing of Hasan ibn Ali by alluring his wife Ja ' dah binte Ash ' as to poison him ; and fourthly by distorting Islam to match his unislamic rule.

Aisha ( Aisha bint Abu Bakr ) ( Muhammad's widow ), Talhah ( Talha ibn Ubayd-Allah ) and Al-Zubayr ( Abu ‘ Abd Allah Zubayr ibn al-Awwam ) were all in agreement with Muawiyah that those who assassinated Uthman should be brought to justice.

Sayyid Muhammad's successors were however unable to resist the growing power of Abd Al-Aziz Ibn Saud, who began annexing ' Asir and its neighboring regions after Sayyid Muhammad's death, initially intervening under the pretext of mediating between the Al Ayedh of ' Asir and the Idrisis.

Two Jewish tribes were expelled and the last one, the Banu Qurayza, was wiped out after it threw itself on Muhammad's mercy.

According to Alford Welch, the Jewish practice of having three daily prayer rituals appears to have been a factor in the introduction of the Islamic midday prayer but that Muhammad's adoption of facing north towards Qiblah ( position of Jerusalem-Islam's first Qiblah or direction of prayer, and now present Qiblah towards Kabah in Makkah ) when performing the daily prayers however was also practiced among other groups in Arabia.

Safiyya bint Huyayy () ( c. 610 – c. 670 ) was a Jewish woman captured from the Banu Nadir tribe at age 17, who became Muhammad's wife.

Despite her conversion, Muhammad's other wives teased Safiyya of her Jewish origin.

But when Muhammad's other wives spoke ill of Safiyya's Jewish descent, Muhammad intervened, pointing out to everyone that Safiyya's " husband is Muhammad, father is Aaron, and uncle is Moses ", a reference to revered Islamic prophets.

According to Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad's tribe, the powerful Quraysh, were greatly concerned about their tribesman who had started claiming prophethood and wished to consult the Jewish rabbis ' superior knowledge of the scriptures and about the prophets of God.

While the city found itself at war with Muhammad's native Meccan tribe of the Quraysh, tensions between the growing numbers of Muslims and the Jewish communities mounted.

" Arafat relates the testimony of Ibn Hajar, who denounced this and other accounts as " odd tales " and quoted Malik ibn Anas, a contemporary of Ibn Ishaq, whom he rejected as a " liar ", an " impostor " and for seeking out the Jewish descendants for gathering information about Muhammad's campaign with their forefathers.

Fard Muhammad's Yakub has some parallels to the Biblical Jacob's role as the father of the tribes of Israel.

The Thaqif was one of the tribes of Arabia during Muhammad's era.

‘ Abdullah bin Uabi bin Salul, who was the Madinan chief of the tribes ‘ Aws and Khazraj before Muhammad's emigration was sent an ultimatum to either fight or expel Muhammad, or face action in the form of a military campaign that would exterminate his people and enslave his women.

After uniting the Arabian tribes into a single Muslim religious polity in the last years of his life, Muhammad's death in 632 was followed by disagreement over who would succeed him as leader of the Muslim community.

Most of the Idrisids settled among the Berber tribes of the Rif Mountains where they were protected by the reluctance of tribal elders to have the local descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's family be whiped out.

Zayd got tired of her and the bitterness had left him with no desire for her eventually leading to their divorce. Zaynab being Muhammad's first cousin was no stranger for him, he had seen her hundreds of time in his aunt Umaima bint Abdul Muttalib's house for over thirty years before she became Zayd's wife.

During this skirmish, Medinan dissidents, begrudging Muhammad's influence, attempted to attack him in the more sensitive areas of his life, including his marriage to Zaynab bint Jahsh, and an incident in which Aisha left her camp to search her lost necklace, and returned with a Companion of Muhammad.

In 1939, this internal conflict developed into a major crisis, during which some of the most active cadres left the Society to form a rival organisation called Muhammad's Youth.

The name has fallen into disfavor and is now considered to be pejorative, possibly because of a folk etymology for " Galla " ( that it came from Qal la or " قال لا ," pronounced similar to Gal la, Arabic for " he said no ") that implies they refused Muhammad's offer to convert to Islam.

The Southern Poverty Law Center, a NBPP critic, has noted Muhammad's statement that " there are no good crackers, and if you find one, kill him before he changes.

However, during Muhammad's lifetime, no passage from the Koran was ever translated in to these languages nor any other ..

Additionally, the Umayyads claimed no direct descent from Muhammad, while the Abbasids did ( they descended from Muhammad's uncle Abbas — a fact the latter used greatly during the revolution.

The sunnah is a more general source of precedent ; it is usually considered to count against women leading mixed congregations, as there are no reports of it happening in Muhammad's time, unless, as Amina Wadud suggested, the aforementioned Umm Waraqah hadith is interpreted to apply to her town rather than to her household alone.

The fact that there even was a dispute over the leadership after Muhammad's death is sufficient proof that no one had interpreted his words as a binding appointment.

After the Muslim forces had captured Mecca, Muhammad's muezzin ascended to the top of the Kaaba to call the believers to prayer ,-the first time the call to prayer was heard within Islam's holiest city, however this was never proven and many dispute the fact that it would be against the faith to actually have climbed the Kaaba, no matter how big the conquest.

Shia claim that the despair felt by Umar at the time of Muhammad's death was not genuine, they insist that there was no despair, only threats aimed to delay matters so that his friend and confederate Abu Bakr could return before Ali was confirmed as the successor.

There are also incidents where he knowingly changed Muhammad's Sunnah by innovating in religious matters even though he had no authority to do so.