His inability to rule led to deposition and confinement by Osman II's younger half-brother, Murad IV ( 1623 – 40 ).

Murad II's conquest of Salonika was followed by its state-enforced settlement by Muslims from Yenice Vardar and Anatolia.

Radu converted to Islam, entered the service of Sultan Murad II's son, Mehmed II ( later known as the Conqueror ), and was allowed into the Topkapı Palace.

After the Sultan Murad II's death, and the crown prince's succeeded to the throne, all of the other sons of the emperor were executed.

A crusading army led by Regent John Hunyadi of Hungary was defeated by Sultan Murad II's forces at Kosovo Polje in 1448.

Jews who reached high positions in the Ottoman court and administration include Mehmed II's minister of Finance (" defterdar ") Hekim Yakup Pasa, his Portuguese physician Moses Hamon, Murad II's physician Ishak Pasha and Abraham de Castro, the master of the mint in Egypt.

İstanbul Kanatlarımın Altında ( Istanbul Under My Wings, 1996 ) is a film about the lives of Hezarfen Ahmet Çelebi, his brother Lagari Hasan Çelebi, and the Ottoman society in the early 17th century, during the reign of Murad IV, as witnessed and narrated by Evliya Çelebi.

Ottoman expansion during the reign of Murad I

Mehmed I also completed the mosque at Bursa, which his grandfather Murad I had commenced, but which had been neglected during in reign of Bayezid.

Murad began his reign by having his five younger brothers strangled.

The reign of Murad III was marked by wars with Safavids and Habsburgs and Ottoman economic decline and institutional decay.

Militarily, Murad IV's reign is most notable for the war against Persia in which Ottoman forces invaded Azerbaijan, occupied Revan, Tabriz and Hamadan, and recaptured Baghdad in 1638.

Only two Sultans in this period personally exercised strong political and military control of the Empire: the vigorous Murad IV ( 1612 – 1640 ) recaptured Yerevan ( 1635 ) and Baghdad ( 1639 ) from the Safavids and reasserted central authority, albeit during a brief majority reign.

The Janissaries first began enrolling outside the devşirme system during the reign of Sultan Murad III ( 1574 – 1595 ) and abandoned devşirme recruitment completely during the 17th century.

The area under their control was called an " armatolik ", the oldest known being established in Agrafa during the reign of Murad II ( r. 1421 – 1451 ).

The Sipahis of the Porte ( Kapikulu Sipahis ) were originally founded during the reign of Murad I.

As late as the 17th century, the Sipahis were, together with their rivals the Janissaries, the de facto rulers in the early years of sultan Murad IV's reign.

However, the vassalage of the Ottoman Sultanate ended with the death of Tamerlane during the reign of the next Ottoman ruler, Sultan Murad II, who took the style Sultan ul-Mujahidin, Sovereign of the House of Osman, Khan of Khans, Grand Sultan of Anatolia and Rumelia, and of the Cities of Adrianople and Philipopolis.

The most prominent place being the Edirne Palace, which was the " Palace of the Empire " built during the reign of Murad II.

The minbar which was built in the reign of Murad III is still in use.

In 1629, during the reign of Murad IV, the Kaaba was rebuilt with stones from Mecca and the Masjid was renovated.

They were brought to an end during the reign of Murad IV.

One Rupee coin ( dated 1285 Islamic calendar | AH ), 12 ounce silver, minted during the reign of Mir Ali Murad

According to Vacalopoulos, the armatoles first appeared as an institution in Agrafa ( Thessaly ) during the reign of Murad II ( 1421 – 1451 ).

The Ottoman Turks took the city and its region from the Byzantines in 1363, during the reign of Sultan Murad I.

He was married twice, to Valide Sultan Mahfiruze Hatice Sultan, originally named Maria, a Greek, mother of Osman II, and to Valide Sultan Kadinefendi Kösem Sultan or Mahpeyker, originally named Anastasia, a Greek, mother of Murad IV and Ibrahim I.

He was also a powerful and consistent supporter of Skanderbeg, whom he decided to take under his protection as a vassal in 1451, shortly after the latter had scored his second victory against Murad II.

He was the son of Murad I and Valide Sultan Gülçiçek Hatun.

Bayezid ascended to the throne following the death of his father Murad I, who was killed by Serbian knight Miloš Obilić during ( June 15 ), or immediately after ( June 16 ), the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, by which Serbia became a vassal of the Ottoman Empire.

Koujak was a rival of Fakhr-al-Din and a friend of the sultan Murad IV, who ordered Koujak and the sultanate's navy to attack Lebanon and depose Fakhr-al-Din.

To the dismay of Catholic Europe, England exported tin and lead ( for cannon-casting ) and ammunitions to the Ottoman Empire, and Elizabeth seriously discussed joint military operations with Murad III during the outbreak of war with Spain in 1585, as Francis Walsingham was lobbying for a direct Ottoman military involvement against the common Spanish enemy.

The flight was said to be undertaken at the time of the birth of Sultan Murad IV's daughter.

It was Murad who established the former Osmanli tribe into an empire.

There are different accounts from different sources about when and how Murad I was assassinated.

One Western source states that during first hours of the battle, Murad I was assassinated by Serbian nobleman and knight Miloš Obilić by knife.

In the earliest preserved Christian record, a letter of Florentine senate to the King Tvrtko I of Bosnia, dated 20 October 1389, Murad I's killing was described.

Murad II ( Murat ), when called from his vice-royalty in Asia Minor to become the sovereign of the Ottoman Empire, was only eighteen years of age.

Mustafa was out-manoeuvered in the middle of the field and his troops, whose confidence in his person and cause he had lost by his violence and incapacity, passed over in large numbers to Murad II.

While Murad was besieging the city, the Byzantines, in league with some independent Turkish Anatolian states, sent the sultan's younger brother Mustafa ( who was only 13 years old ) to rebel against the sultan and besiege Bursa.

When the Balkan front was secured, Murad II turned east to defeat Timur's son, Shah Rokh, and the emirates of Karamanid and Çorum-Amasya.

Murad III ( Ottoman Turkish: مراد ثالث Murād-i < u > s </ u > āli < u > s </ u >, Turkish: III. Murat ) < span dir =" ltr ">( 4 July 1546 – 15 / 16 January 1595 )</ span > was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1574 until his death.

Born in Bozdağan or Manisa, Murad III was the eldest son of sultan Selim II ( 1566 – 74 ), and succeeded his father in 1574.

To the dismay of Catholic Europe, England exported tin and lead ( for cannon-casting ) and ammunitions to the Ottoman Empire, and Elizabeth seriously discussed joint military operations with Murad III during the outbreak of war with Spain in 1585, as Francis Walsingham was lobbying for a direct Ottoman military involvement against the common Spanish enemy.

He was born at Manisa Palace, the son of sultan Murad III, whom he succeeded in 1595.

Murad IV Ghazi ( Ottoman Turkish: مراد رابع Murād-i rābi ‘) < span dir =" ltr ">( July 26 / 27, 1612 – February 9, 1640 )</ span > was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1623 to 1640, known both for restoring the authority of the state and for the brutality of his methods.

Murad IV was born in Constantinople, the son of Sultan Ahmed I ( 1603 – 17 ) and the ethnic Greek Valide Sultan Kösem Sultan ( also known as Mahpeyker ), originally named Anastasia.

Murad IV was for a long time under the control of his relatives and during his early years as Sultan, his mother, Kösem Sultan, essentially ruled through him.