It is an idea found in the writings of early psychoanalysts, such as Melanie Klein.

This emerged from a number of different areas: in sociology during the 1950s ; from the theories of the psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan ; and in the work of French psychoanalysts like Julia Kristeva, Luce Irigaray, and American feminists such as Judith Butler.

In parallel to this evolution of the term " borderline " to refer to a distinct category of disorder, psychoanalysts such as Otto Kernberg were using it to refer to a broad spectrum of issues, describing an intermediate level of personality organization between neurotic and psychotic processes.

" Take away Canguilhem and you will no longer understand much about Althusser, Althusserism and a whole series of discussions which have taken place among French Marxists ; you will no longer grasp what is specific to sociologists such as Bourdieu, Castel, Passeron and what marks them so strongly within sociology ; you will miss an entire aspect of the theoretical work done by psychoanalysts, particularly by the followers of Lacan.

From experiences like that, and as inspired by psychoanalysts such as Wilhelm Reich and Freud, Moreno began to develop psychodrama.

Her work on intergenerational transmission of trauma such as described in her landmark paper entitled " Ghosts in the Nursery " has had an important influence on the work of living psychoanalysts and clinical researchers such as Alicia Lieberman and Daniel Schechter

In Zurich, Eugène and his wife both became assistants to Eugen Bleuler at the Burghölzli, a university clinic where many other notable psychiatrists and psychoanalysts trained and practiced such as Carl Gustav Jung and Ludwig Binswanger.

German psychoanalysts who wrote about homosexuality included Felix Boehm.

The inference may be disappointingly simple, especially for all amateur psychoanalysts who would prefer the deeper and more mysterious motive that may, if it is true, still lie unprobed and unappreciated.

After World War II Dr. Kurt Eissler ( 1909 – 1999 ) and a small group of psychoanalysts who knew Sigmund Freud personally, including Heinz Hartmann, Ernst Kris, Bertram Lewin and Hermann Nunberg, decided to preserve Freud's letters and papers in a single archive.

According to Sharaf, psychoanalysts tended to dismiss as ill anyone from within the fold who had transgressed, and this was never done so relentlessly as with Reich.

Richard Webster explains how the " complex, and at times impenetrable paper [...] appears to have made little or no lasting impression on the psychoanalysts who first heard it.

The main exception is that for ' most psychoanalysts who follow Lacan's teaching ... counter-transference is not simply one form of resistance, it is the ultimate resistance of the analyst '.

The characters include María ( and, after her death, the Shadow of María ), a singer of payadas, various members of the Buenos Aires underworld, a poet narrator who is also a goblin-like duende, several marionettes under his control, and a circus of psychoanalysts.

In the absence of any biomedical explanation for what causes autism after the telltale symptoms were first described by scientists, Bruno Bettelheim, a University of Chicago professor and child development specialist, and other leading psychoanalysts championed the notion that autism was the product of mothers who were cold, distant and rejecting, thus deprived of the chance to " bond properly ".

Hall championed their ideas over those of the psychoanalysts, who saw homosexuality as a form of arrested psychological development, and some of whom believed it could be changed.

In 1925 she ' became the first psychoanalysts to publish a book on the psychology of women '; and according to Paul Roazen, the ' interest she and Karen Horney showed in this subject prompted Freud, who did not like to be left behind, to write a number of articles on women himself '.

Seeing as these unconscious thoughts are normally cryptic, psychoanalysts are considered experts in interpreting their messages.

Stephen Potter's ' Lifemanship Psycho-Synthesis Clinic ', where you may ' find the psycho-synthesist lying relaxed on the couch while the patient will be encouraged to walk up and down ' would seem a genuine case of " parallel evolution ", since its clear targets, as ' the natural antagonists ... of the lifeplay, are the psychoanalysts '.

* Humans – Humans tend to fail the mirror test until they are about 18 months old, or what psychoanalysts call the " mirror stage ".

Other feminist psychoanalysts and feminist theorists whose contributions have enriched the field through an engagement with psychoanalysis are Jessica Benjamin, Jacqueline Rose, Girl with doll Ranjana Khanna, and Shoshana Felman.

Developed independently, other psychoanalysts have created strong approaches to archetypal psychology.

For example, where other psychoanalysts used the Freudian terminology of ego and id to describe different functions of a person's psychology, Winnicott at times used " self " to refer to both.

Following Sigmund Freud, the psychoanalysts most responsible for the development of ego psychology, and its systematization as a formal school of psychoanalytic thought, were Anna Freud, Heinz Hartmann, and David Rapaport.

Subsequent psychoanalysts interested in ego psychology emphasized the importance of early-childhood experiences and socio-cultural influences on ego development.

By his own account, he spent a great deal of time in the Oak Knoll Naval Hospital's library, where he would have encountered the work of Freud and other psychoanalysts.

Sadger supported his claim that homosexuality could be cured entirely by describing a four month analysis of a patient whose crucial memories “ had been wholly unconscious and first had to be unearthed very laboriously through a month-long analysis .“ Making striking claims about homosexuality on the basis of brief analyses appears to have been typical for psychoanalysts in the early 20th century.

Some later psychoanalysts have expressed frustration with this section, as it encouraged the notion that dream interpretation was a straightforward hunt for symbols of sex, penises, etc.

Rich Pickings uses short films as a discussion aid for public conversations between with scientists, technologists, psychoanalysts and filmmakers.

Beginning in the 1930s and continuing for roughly twenty years, major changes occurred in how psychoanalysts viewed homosexuality, which involved a shift in the rhetoric of psychoanalysts, some of whom felt free to ridicule and abuse their gay patients.

As President of the Society – a post he would hold until 1944 – Jones secured funding for and supervised the establishment in London of a offering subsidised fees and an Institute of Psychoanalysis which provided administrative, publishing and training facilities for the growing network of professional psychoanalysts.

For Freud, said Rank in Will Therapy ( 1929 – 31 ), " the emotional life develops from the sexual sphere, therefore his sexualization in reality means emotionalization " ( p. 165 ), two experiences that psychoanalysts continued to conflate for half a century after Freud ’ s death.

Whereas Freud himself never named the aggressive and destructive energy of the death drive ( as he had done with the life drive, " libido "), the next generation of psychoanalysts vied to find suitable names for it.

Although this technique has been criticized by behaviorists for lacking structure and by psychoanalysts for actually providing a conditional relationship it has proven to be an effective and popular treatment.

In every book in the series Michael Ohayon enters a closed world, an isolated society, with rules of its own ( for example psychoanalysts, or members of a kibbutz ).

Post-Freudians vary widely on whether Hanold suffers from neurosis or psychosis, some emphasizing ' the way Freud offers psychoanalysts a model which shows " how to address the ' mad ' part of our patients without neglecting the rest of their person "'.

Some later psychoanalysts might take a more positive view of the process, suggesting that ' Intellectualisation and rationalisation ... bridge the gap between immature mechanisms and those of maturity '; but to object relations theory it could be part of a more sinister process whereby the mind ' detaches feelings from their true locus and attaches them to the exact reverse ; it falsifies judgement ; it splits intellect from feeling and enslaves reason ... a process called rationalization '.

Reik's most famous book, Listening with the Third Ear ( 1948 ), describes how psychoanalysts intuitively use their own unconscious minds to detect and decipher the unconscious wishes and fantasies of their patients.

In the last 30 years, the contemporary French psychoanalytical theories concerning the feminine, that refer to sexual difference rather than to gender, with psychoanalysts like Julia Kristeva, Maud Mannoni, Luce Irigaray, and Bracha Ettinger has largely influenced not only feminist theory but also the understanding of the subject in philosophy and the general field of psychoanalysis itself.

Nin was acquainted, often quite intimately, with a number of prominent authors, artists, psychoanalysts, and other figures, and wrote of them often, especially Otto Rank.

Some psychoanalysts today do not regard cross-dressing by itself a psychological problem, unless it interferes with the functioning of a person's life.

As a defining feature, ' Kleinian psychoanalysts regard the unconscious as made up of phantasies of relations with objects.

He was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia and clinical depression as a result of an evaluation conducted by psychoanalysts, and was treated with ECT on numerous occasions, which he himself talks about in his autobiographical book Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance.

By the 1920s psychoanalysts assumed that homosexuality was pathological and that attempts to treat it were appropriate, although psychoanalytic opinion about changing homosexuality was largely pessimistic.

Ferenczi has found some favour in modern times among the followers of Jacques Lacan as well as among relational psychoanalysts in the United States.

Ferenczi's work has strongly influenced theory and praxis of the interpersonal-relational theory of American psychoanalysis, as typified by psychoanalysts at the William Alanson White Institute.

Foulkes and Bion were psychoanalysts and incorporated psychoanalysis into group therapy by recognising that transference can arise not only between group members and the therapist but also among group members.

For example, Joyce's phrase " they were yung and easily freudened " clearly implies the more conventional " they were young and easily frightened ", however the former also makes an apt pun on the names of two famous psychoanalysts, Jung and Freud.

In a survey, a group of experienced psychoanalysts reported the same set of illusory associations with homosexuality.