Military collaboration began during World War II and continued throughout the Cold War on both a bilateral basis through NORAD and through multilateral participation in NATO.

Before the cold war began in the late 1940s, Foot favoured a ' third way ' foreign policy for Europe ( he was joint author with Richard Crossman and Ian Mikardo of the pamphlet Keep Left in 1947 ), but in the wake of the communist seizure of power in Hungary and Czechoslovakia he and Tribune took a strongly anti-communist position, eventually embracing NATO.

RAWA is highly critical of the NATO war that began in 2001, because of the high rate of casualties among the civilian population.

In addition, humanitarian intervention by multinational forces became more frequent and the media began to play a big role, particularly in the lead up to the 1999 NATO mission in Yugoslavia, while by contrast, the 1994 Rwandan Genocide had little attention.

According to a NATO press release, the agreement began the ratification process in 1992.

Although the Dutch, Italians, Spanish, and other NATO powers opposed such a structure, which meant that the alliance's boundaries would change without their participation, the six nations began negotiations in March 1990.

Members of the United States armed forces and NATO countries began sending troops to Afghanistan since late 2001 to early 2011, at a time when the total number of foreign soldiers reached about 150, 000.

As the United States armed forces were preparing for a confrontation with the Taliban in September 2001, Karzai began urging NATO nations to purge his country of Al-Qaeda.

Five B-1Bs from the 28th Bomb Wing joined NATO forces in Operation Allied Force and began striking military targets in Kosovo on April 1, 1999.

NATO ( North Atlantic Treaty Organisation ) began preparations for a military defence of Western Europe by incorporating most West European nations into a defence pact against Soviet aggression in April 1951.

Katina began recording demos, including " Yugoslavia ", a protest song about NATO aggression on Yugoslavia.

* The Cold War, ( began with the Truman Doctrine in 1947 and ended with the official dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 ), is a phrase denoting a polarized state of hostility between economically capitalist NATO allied nations and economically communist Warsaw Pact nations.

Allegations were made that U. S. aircraft, in an unprecedented reversal of policy and breach of international treaties, had utilized sarin nerve gas (" GB " in US / NATO nomenclature ) when North Vietnamese ground troops began to attack the LZs.

In March 1999 he traveled to Belgrade to deliver the final ultimatum to Yugoslav president Slobodan Milošević before the NATO attack began.

Considering the response given to be unsatisfactory, de Gaulle began the development of an independent French nuclear deterrent and in 1966 withdrew from NATO's military structures and expelled NATO troops from French soil.

NATO began to create service medals once it began to support peacekeeping in the former Yugoslavia, which led to the award to IFOR troops of the NATO Medal.

In the mid-1990s, primarily in response to lessons learned in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo, NATO members began developing CIMIC doctrine.

Where in November 1990 Canada had 1, 002 troops out of a total UN deployment of 10, 304, that number decreased largely because Canada began to direct its participation to UN-sanctioned military operations through NATO, rather than directly to the UN.

Invaders in the history of Afghanistan include Alexander the Great, Genghis Khan, Timur, the Mughal Empire, Russian Tsars, the British Empire, the Soviet Union, and currently a coalition force of NATO troops, the majority of which are from the United States, following the US-led invasion which began on October 7, 2001, Operation Enduring Freedom.

But on March 20, 2011, the day after the NATO strikes to enforce the no-fly-zone began, she expressed a different view in a press release: " I am concerned that the President has yet to clearly define for the American people what vital United States security interests he believes are currently at stake in Libya.

* August 30, 1995: NATO began Operation Deliberate Force against Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina

The president visited several European air bases to thank the troops ( not shown ) for their support of NATO Operations Allied Force and Shining Hope, 1999.

* CNN – NATO air attack shifts, aims at violence inside Kosovo – 27 March 1999

From 1960 NATO countries agreed to place all their air defence forces under the command of SACEUR in the event of war.

* 1999 – Kosovo War: NATO suspends its air strikes after Slobodan Milošević agrees to withdraw Serbian forces from Kosovo.

The airport used to hold a significant NATO military base and was a vital pre-jet refueling stop for trans-Atlantic commercial air traffic.

* 1999 – Kosovo War: NATO commences air bombardment against Yugoslavia, marking the first time NATO has attacked a sovereign country.

Since January 2006, the NATO International Security Assistance Force undertook combat duties from Operation Enduring Freedom in southern Afghanistan, the NATO force chiefly made up of British, Canadian and Dutch forces ( and some smaller contributions from Denmark, Romania and Estonia and air support from Norway as well as air and artillery support from the U. S .) ( see the article Coalition combat operations in Afghanistan in 2006 ).

On August 30, 1995, 1995 NATO air campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina was initiated and Serbian Armed Forces soon withdrew from the vicinity of Sarajevo.

The air attacks against Belgrade by NATO were the first attacks on the city since World War II.

In service the V-Force would have been capable of destroying both area and high value point targets ( air bases, command centers, ground forces staging areas ) hours before they could be attacked by NATO or SAC ’ s, long range bomber forces.

RAF Bomber Command attrition attacks against air defense targets in Warsaw Pact and European Russia alone by the V-Force ( in prosecuting their initial attacks upon the Soviet Union ) would be decisive in ensuring that NATO and SAC follow-on forces attacks would be successful in achieving the destruction of Soviet and Warsaw Pact targets.

Therefore, the V-Force ( by having the capability of precision tactical air medium bombardment ) effectively deterred the armored overrun strategy, of the massed and massive Soviet & Warsaw Pact armies, which ( in theory ), could have overwhelmed the vastly outnumbered NATO ground forces of central Europe in a surprise ground attack ( which did not give away tactical surprise, by use of organic tactical air support ).

** NATO launches air strikes against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

** In 1999, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) led by the United States launched air attacks against Yugoslavia ( then composed of only Serbia and Montenegro ) to pressure the Yugoslav government to end its military operations against ethnic Albanian separatists in Kosovo due to accusations of war crimes being committed by Yugoslav military forces working alongside nationalist Serb paramilitary groups.

* September 6 – NATO air strikes continue, after repeated attempts at a solution with the Serbs fail.

Soviet conventional superiority, shown by the fact that the Soviet Union certainly was prepared for war in Europe, having massed armored, mechanized, artillery, and air forces poised along the Inner German and Czech borders, led by the dreaded Third Shock Army of the Soviet Union, caused NATO to consider the use of tactical nuclear weapons to stop the " steamroller " of the Red Army if they decided to take a drive through the Fulda Gap or an amble through the North German Plain.

He received Amnesty International UK Press Awards in 1998 for his reports from Algeria and again in 2000 for his articles on the NATO air campaign against the FRY in 1999.

In April 1999, Portugal participated in the NATO bombing of Serbia from the Aviano air base in Italy.

During the NATO air strikes against Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1999 the factory was severely damaged.

To stop the ethnic cleansing and genocide of Albanians by nationalist Serbs in the former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia's province of Kosovo, Clinton authorized the use of American troops in a NATO bombing campaign against Yugoslavia in 1999, named Operation Allied Force.

Henry Cabot Lodge who served as his campaign manager and others succeeded in convincing him, and in June 1952 he resigned his command at NATO to campaign full-time.

Opposition to pollution, use of nuclear power, NATO military action, and certain aspects of industrialised society were principal campaign issues.

In February 1999, NATO lanuched a massive air-bombing campaign in Serbia.

During autumn 1999, following the Kosovo War and the NATO bombing campaign, Đukanović ( who by now firmly held power in Montenegro as Bulatović was completely squeezed out ) drafted a document called Platforma za redefiniciju odnosa Crne Gore i Srbije ( A platform for redefinition of relations within the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ) calling for major changes in the division of governing responsibilities within FR Yugoslavia though still officially seeing Montenegro within a joint state with Serbia.

The NATO campaign came under severe criticism for its attacks and many inaccurate bombings across Yugoslavia which killed many civilians.

The Yugoslav government claimed the NATO attacks were a terror campaign against the country while NATO defended its actions as being legal.

NATO promised to end its bombings of Yugoslavia, when Milošević agreed to end the Yugoslav campaign in Kosovo, withdraw Yugoslav & Serb security forces from the province.

After an array of bombings, Milošević submitted and agreed to end Yugoslavia's anti-separatist campaign in Kosovo and allowed NATO forces to occupy Kosovo.

The TAF are in a protracted campaign against the PKK ( recognized as a terrorist organization by the United States, the European Union and NATO ) which has involved frequent forays into neighbouring Iraq.

Despite this, NATO approved a campaign against Afghanistan as self-defense against armed attack.

The prompt destruction of these targets, at the outset of a campaign in the west would have had a two-fold benefit to NATO and west in the defense of Western Europe.

Immediately preceding the NATO bombing campaign of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in spring 1999, the U. S. and most European countries severed relations with Yugoslavia, and the U. S. embassy was closed.

* August 30 – The NATO bombing campaign against Serb artillery positions begins in Bosnia and Herzegovina, continuing into October.

Military intervention by Yugoslav security forces led by Slobodan Milošević and Serb militia within Kosovo in response to diverse operations led by the KLA prompted an exodus of Kosovar Albanians / Serbs and a refugee crisis that eventually caused NATO to intervene militarily in order to stop what was widely identified as an ongoing campaign of ethnic cleansing.

The NATO North Atlantic Council had stressed that KLA was " the main initiator of the violence " and that it had " launched what appears to be a deliberate campaign of provocation ".

This became an issue after the NATO air campaign to oust Colonel Muammar Gaddafi and NATO's support of the rebels in Libya.

The killings were a major factor in the NATO governments deciding to use force against the Yugoslav government to end its campaign of violence against Kosovo's Albanians.

In August 1995, following the Srebrenica massacre and the 2nd Markale massacre, NATO launched intensive bombing campaign which destroyed Bosnian Serb command and control system.

The Washington Post reported in November 2002 that " the organization is modeled on a successful lobbying campaign to expand the NATO alliance.