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NIF is the largest and most energetic ICF device built to date, achieving a record 1. 875 million joule pulse of ultraviolet laser light to the target chamber on March 15, 2012.
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NIF and is
If successful, the fast ignition approach could dramatically lower the total amount of energy needed to be delivered to the target ; whereas NIF uses UV beams of 2 MJ, HiPER's driver is 200 kJ and heater 70 kJ, yet the predicted fusion gains are nevertheless even higher than on NIF.
HYLIFE-II claims to be about 40 % less expensive than a coal plant of the same size, but considering the problems with NIF, it is simply too early to tell if this is realistic or not.
NIF is expected to be able to quickly reach this sort of operation when it starts, but the date for the start of fusion experiments is currently suggested to be somewhere between 2010 and 2014.
Funding for the NIF in the United States is sourced from the ' Nuclear Weapons Stockpile Stewardship ' program, and the goals of the program are oriented accordingly.
The area covered by a local station at night without significant skywave interference is known as the nighttime interference-free ( NIF ) contour, and is typically specified in mV / m ( signal strength ).
* 1990-Decision to construct the NIF " beamlet " laser at LLNL is made.
* 1994-NIF Beamlet laser is completed and begins experiments validating the expected performance of NIF.
* 2001-Building construction for the immense 192-beam 500-terawatt NIF project is completed and construction of laser beam-lines and target bay diagnostics commences, expecting to take its first full system shot in 2010.
The National Ignition Facility, or NIF, is a large, laser-based inertial confinement fusion ( ICF ) research device located at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California, USA.
This record shot is an important milestone in NIF ’ s mission to reach the long-sought goal of fusion ignition, the point at which a nuclear fusion reaction becomes self-sustaining.
One of the goals for NIF is to reduce this time to less than four hours, in order to allow 700 firings a year.
NIF is designed primarily to use the indirect drive method of operation, in which the laser heats a small metal cylinder instead of the capsule inside it.
In the case of the NIF, the large delivered power allows for the use of a much larger target ; the baseline pellet design is about 2 mm in diameter, chilled to about 18 Kelvin (- 255 degrees Celsius ) and lined with a layer of solid deuterium-tritium ( DT ) fuel.
The 422 MJ of capacitor energy is needed for the NIF because it is a flashlamp-pumped laser system.
The net " wall-plug " efficiency of NIF ( UV laser energy out divided by the energy required to pump the lasers from an external source ) is less than one percent.
NIF is also exploring new types of targets.
Although NIF was primarily designed as an indirect drive device, the energy in the laser is high enough to be used as a direct drive system as well, where the laser shines directly on the target.
Even at UV wavelengths the power delivered by NIF is estimated to be more than enough to cause ignition, resulting in fusion energy gains of about 40 times, somewhat higher than the indirect drive system.
It has been shown, using scaled implosions on the OMEGA laser and computer simulations, that NIF should also be capable of igniting a capsule using the so-called polar direct drive ( PDD ) configuration where the target is irradiated directly by the laser, but only from the top and bottom, with no changes to the NIF beamline layout.
NIF and largest
The 287, 000-pound, 10-meter-diameter target chamber was hoisted out of its silo by one of the largest cranes in the world and gently installed into its berth in the NIF target bay on June 17, 1999, a breathtaking event that took only about 30 minutes.
NIF and most
Two JASON panels, which are composed of scientific and technical national security experts, have stated that the NIF is the most scientifically valuable of all programs proposed for science-based stockpile stewardship.
" Already the most incredibly tightly controlled and most energetic laser in the world, it is remarkable that NIF has achieved the 500 TW milestone-quite a significant achievement ," said Dr. Raymond Jeanloz, professor of astronomy and earth and planetary science at the University of California, Berkeley.
Assisted by several workers from the NIF, the Livermore team has produced 15 mm diameter samples of transparent Nd: YAG from nanoscale particles and powders, and determined the most important parameters affecting their quality.
NIF and device
Although Petawatt was instrumental in advancing the practical basis for the concept of " fast ignition fusion ", by the time it was operational as a proof-of-concept device, the decision to move ahead with NIF had already been taken.
NIF and achieving
** The NIF fires its first bundle of eight beams achieving the highest ever energy laser pulse of 152. 8 kJ ( infrared ).
NIF and record
In the same month, the NIF fired a record high of 57 shots, more than in any month up to that point.
NIF and 1
At the time, the DOE was estimating that the NIF would cost approximately $ 1. 1 billion and another $ 1 billion for related research, and would be complete as early as 2002.
On March 10, 2009, NIF became the first laser to break the megajoule barrier, firing all 192 beams and delivering 1. 1 MJ of ultraviolet light, known as 3ω, to the target chamber center in a shaped ignition pulse.
As of January 2010, the NIF could run as high as 1. 8 megajoules.
On July 5, 2012, the NIF system delivered more than 500 trillion watts ( terawatts or TW ) of peak power and 1. 85 megajoules ( MJ ) of ultraviolet laser light to its target.
Image: NIF target chamber exterior. jpg | Exterior view of the upper 1 / 3 of the target chamber.
In October 2011, following the arson of a Mosque in the Galilee village of Tuba-Zangariyye, NIF mobilized more than 1, 000 rabbis from around the world to sign a statement condemning the torching.
NIF acknowledged that some fund recipients cooperated with the UN inquiry, but they estimated that 1. 3 % of the citations in the UN report originated from reports by organizations supported by the New Israel Fund.
NIF and .
Although the attacks did not pose a threat to the stability of the Government of Eritrea ( the infiltrators have generally been killed or captured by government forces ), the Eritreans believe the National Islamic Front ( NIF ) in Khartoum supported, trained, and armed the insurgents.
After many months of negotiations with the Sudanese to try to end the incursions, the Government of Eritrea concluded that the NIF did not intend to change its policy and broke relations.
The NIF regime also harbored Osama bin Laden for a time ( before 9 / 11 ), and worked to unify Islamist opposition to the American attack on Iraq in the 1991 Gulf War.
Some of the NIF policies, such as the war with the non-Muslim south, have been reversed, though the National Islamic Front ( now named the National Congress Party ) still holds considerable power in the Sudanese government.
In 1993, Sudan transformed into an Islamic totalitarian single-party state as al-Bashir abolished the Revolutionary Command Council and created the National Islamic Front ( NIF ) with a new parliament and government obtained solely by members of the NIF, and proclaimed himself President of Sudan.
With the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation abolished in 1993 and the ruling National Islamic Front ( NIF ) forming the National Congress Party ( NCP ), the new party included some non-Muslim members ; mainly Southern Sudanese politicians, some of whom were appointed as ministers or state governors.
This largely symbolic coalition of seven groups was formed with the signing of the Khartoum Peace Agreement with the NIF in 1997.
* Design, construction, and operation of a series of ever larger, more powerful, and more capable laser systems, culminating in the 192-beam National Ignition Facility ( NIF ), completed in 2009.
Completed in March 2009, NIF has now conducted experiments using all 192 beams, including experiments that set new records for power delivery by a laser.
With " classical " devices like NIF about 330 MJ of electrical power are used to produce the driver beams, producing an expected yield of about 20 MJ, with the maximum credible yield of 45 MJ.
It has provided US $ 40 million to nongovernmental organizations in Israel since 2003 exclusively through the New Israel Fund ( NIF ), in the areas of advancing civil and human rights, helping Arab citizens in Israel gain equality and promoting Israeli-Palestinian peace.
The higher the NIF value, the stronger the local signal must be to override nighttime interference, resulting in a smaller coverage area and fewer listeners able to hear the station without interference.
* 2009-Construction of the NIF reported as complete.
NIF uses powerful lasers to heat and compress a small amount of hydrogen fuel to the point where nuclear fusion reactions take place.
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