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NTRU is actually a parameterised family of cryptosystems ; each system is specified by three integer parameters ( N, p, q ) which represent the maximal degree for all polynomials in the truncated ring R, a small modulus and a large modulus, respectively, where it is assumed that N is prime, q is always larger than p, and p and q are coprime ; and four sets of polynomials and ( a polynomial part of the private key, a polynomial for generation of the public key, the message and a blinding value, respectively ), all of degree at most.
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NTRU and is
The NTRUEncrypt public key cryptosystem, also known as the NTRU encryption algorithm, is a lattice-based alternative to RSA and ECC and is based on the shortest vector problem in a lattice ( i. e. is not known to be breakable using quantum computers ).
NTRU is an asymmetric ( public / private key ) cryptosystem.
An open source implementation of NTRU is available.
Because it is based on different mathematics ( lattice-based cryptography ) from RSA and ECC, the NTRU algorithm has different cryptographic properties.
This is using the speed-optimized parameter sets from a recent version of 1363. 1 -- unfortunately those parameter sets have since changed but the overall result still holds: NTRU is extremely fast on parallelizable processors.
Unlike RSA or ECC, NTRU is currently not known to be vulnerable to quantum computer based attacks.
In contrast, there is no known quantum attack on NTRU that significantly reduces its security.
NTRU is available as an open source Java library and as for-pay, closed source.
The chair of the working group as of October 2008 is William Whyte of NTRU Cryptosystems, Inc., who has served since August 2001.
The role of the NTRU is to provide advice and assistance on native title claims and to conduct research into the issues surrounding native title in general.
Initially funded by the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission ( ATSIC ), currently the NTRU is funded by the Indigenous Programs Branch of the Dept.
NTRU and family
The National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ), wrote in a 2009 survey: " There are viable alternatives for both public key encryption and signatures that are not vulnerable to Shor ’ s Algorithm ” and “ Of the various lattice based cryptographic schemes that have been developed, the NTRU family of cryptographic algorithms appears to be the most practical ... smallest key size ... highest performance.
NTRU and system
The first version of the system, which was simply called NTRU, was developed around 1996 by three mathematicians ( J. Hoffstein, J. Pipher and J. H.
The first version of the system, which was simply called NTRU, was developed around 1996 by three mathematicians ( J. Hoffstein, J. Pipher and J. H.
NTRU and for
Alternative definitions for the acronym " NTRU " are " Number Theorists aRe Us " and " Number Theory Research Unit ".
NTRU and than
At comparable cryptographic strength, NTRU performs costly private key operations much much faster than RSA.
NTRU and are
There are two NTRU based algorithms: NTRUEncrypt and NTRUSign.
NTRU and ),
Former chairs were Ari Singer, also of NTRU ( 1999-2001 ), and Burt Kaliski of RSA Security ( 1994-1999 ).
NTRU and .
NTRU Cryptosystems, Inc. •
In 1996 these mathematicians together with D. Lieman founded the NTRU Cryptosystems, Inc. and were given a patent on the cryptosystem.
is and actually
It is also possible, but equally doubtful, that he actually shot down the hundreds of men with which his legend credits him.
What appears here is shorter than what he actually said but very close to his own words.
What one actually remembers is its greenness.
The rocking is actually felt in the story, a terrible and ominous rhythm that prophesies the tragedy.
The problem is rather to find out what is actually happening, and this is especially difficult for the reason that `` we are busily being defended from a knowledge of the present, sometimes by the very agencies -- our educational system, our mass media, our statesmen -- on which we have had to rely most heavily for understanding of ourselves ''.
If man is actually the product of his environment and if science can discover the laws of human nature and the ways in which environment determines what people do, then someone -- a someone probably standing outside traditional systems of values -- can turn around and develop completely efficient means for controlling people.
Yet even in the more extreme of such cases we seldom go very far astray in guessing what his age actually is.
Many readers of this department no doubt discount certain of my opinions for the simple reason that they can guess pretty accurately, even if they have never actually been told, what my age is.
In covert socialism -- toward which America is moving -- private enterprise retains the ownership title to industries but government thru direct intervention and excessive regulations actually controls them.
A minor is subject to tax on his own earnings even though his parent may, under local law, have the right to them and might actually have received the money.
whose chord is one hundred and sixty feet, and whose vortex is forty feet ( it was actually 37 feet ) above the high-water mark.
The same is true of areas which at first look good because of a few existing recreation features but may actually be poor areas to develop for general public use.
It is interesting that a 1: 1 correspondence can be established between the lines of two such pencils, so that in a sense a unique image can actually be assigned to each tangent.
Then, too, the utmost clinical flexibility is necessary in judiciously combining carefully timed family-oriented home visits, single and group office interviews, and appropriate telephone follow-up calls, if the worker is to be genuinely accessible and if the predicted unhealthy outcome is to be actually averted in accordance with the principles of preventive intervention.
Perhaps the very important question -- What is, then, exactly the role of kinesthetic sensations in the patient's ability to recognize forms and shapes by means of the tracing movements when he is actually looking at things??
And there are now many millions of workers for whom the factory with the big parking lot, which can be reached by driving across or against the usual pattern of rush hour traffic and grille-route bus lines, is actually more convenient than the walk-to factory.
Only a radical change in the nature of the population in the central city would be likely to destroy this preference -- and we must now turn our attention to the question of whether such a change, gloomily foreseen by so many urban diagnosticians, is actually upon us.
Another example is his very infrequent use of the large amount of data from surveys designed to discover what and how people actually do feel and think on a broad range of topics: he cites such survey-type findings just three times.
The moments of sung melody, in the usual sense, come most often when the character is actually supposed to be singing, as in folk songs and liturgical chants.
is and parameterised
: A parameter is a means of altering the behaviour of a common piece of functionality, for instance a stored procedure might have different parameters passed to it depending on what needs to be done ; these are called parameterised commands.
In scientific discussions, a regime is a class of physical conditions, usually parameterised by some specific measures, where a particular physical phenomenon or boundary condition is significant.
An example is the satisfiability problem, parameterised by the number of variables.
An example of a problem that is not supposed to be in FPT is graph coloring parameterised by the number of colors.
Also, a parameterised problem is in FPT if it has a so-called kernel.
FPT is closed under a parameterised reduction called fpt-reduction, which simultaneously preserves the instance size and the parameter.
A parameterised problem is in the class W, if every instance can be transformed ( in fpt-time ) to a combinatorial circuit that has height at most i, such that if and only if there is a satisfying assignment to the inputs, which assigns 1 to at most k inputs.
Each agent maintains a hypothesis which is iteratively tested by evaluating a randomly selected partial objective function parameterised by the agent's current hypothesis.
A compound Poisson process, parameterised by a rate and jump size distribution G, is a process given by
Thus, if a fundamental physical law is expressed with a mathematical equation in one inertial frame, it must be expressed by an identical equation in any other inertial frame, provided both frames are parameterised with charts of the same type.
# Parameter: A parameter is a means of altering the behaviour of a common piece of functionality, for instance a stored procedure might have different parameters passed to it depending on what needs to be done ; these are called parameterised commands.
A global symmetry is one that holds at all points of spacetime, whereas a local symmetry is one that has a different symmetry transformation at different points of spacetime ; specifically a local symmetry transformation is parameterised by the spacetime co-ordinates.
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