Napoleon happened to present socially one evening and during a casual conversation over a misplaced 24-pounder explained the value of artillery.

The university was created by the archbishop Pey Berland in 1441 and was abolished in 1793, during the French Revolution, before reappearing in 1808 with Napoleon I. Bordeaux accommodates approximately 70, 000 students on one of the largest campuses of Europe ( 235 ha ).

The battle was the climax of a naval campaign that had ranged across the Mediterranean during the previous three months, as a large French convoy sailed from Toulon to Alexandria, carrying an expeditionary force under General Napoleon Bonaparte.

Napoleon I is the most prominent name associated with the Bonaparte family because he conquered much of the Western world during the early part of the 19th century.

Opposed to Prussia's enforced alliance with Napoleon I, he left the Prussian army and served in the Russian army from 1812 to 1813 during the Russian Campaign, including the Battle of Borodino.

Though governor of the Druze Mountain, Bashir was a crypto-Christian, and it was he whose aid Napoleon solicited in 1799 during his campaign against Syria.

After his final defeat, Napoleon was treated as a general by the British authorities during his second exile to Atlantic Isle of St. Helena.

The Third Republic followed and after the death of his son Napoleon ( IV ), in 1879 during the Zulu War, the Bonapartist movement split, and the Third Republic was to last until 1940.

France reached the zenith of its power during this period, dominating the European continent in an unprecedented fashion under Napoleon Bonaparte, but by 1815 it had been restored to its pre-Revolutionary borders.

Goya's involvement with the court of the " Intruder king ", Joseph I, the brother of Napoleon Bonaparte, is not known ; he did paint works for French patrons and sympathisers, but kept neutral during the fighting.

Marx and Engels wrote about other examples of guerrilla warfare during the American Civil War, by Tyroleans and Prussians against Napoleon, by Poland and the Caucasus against Imperial Russia, Pegu ( Burma ) against the British Empire.

Napoleon defeated the Ottoman forces during the Battle of the Pyramids ( 21 July 1798 ) and sent hundreds of scientists and linguists out to thoroughly explore modern and ancient Egypt.

A brief interlude of peace ensued in 1802-3, during which Napoleon sold French Louisiana to the United States because it was indefensible.

Napoleon was largely defeated in the Battle of the Nations outside Leipzig in October 1813, and was overwhelmed by much larger armies during the Six Days Campaign ( February 1814 ), although, the Six Days Campaign is often considered a tactical masterpiece because the allies suffered much higher casualties.

The emerald chalice at Genoa, which was obtained during the Crusades at Caesarea Maritima at great cost, has been less championed as the Holy Grail since an accident on the road, while it was being returned from Paris after the fall of Napoleon, revealed that the emerald was green glass.

The Louvre is involved in controversies that surround cultural property seized under Napoleon I, as well as during World War II by the Nazis.

Works such as the Apollo Belvedere arrived during the Napoleonic Wars, but these pieces were returned after Napoleon I's fall in 1815.

He engaged in back-channel diplomacy with Napoleon on Jefferson's behalf during a visit to France and originated the idea of the much larger Louisiana Purchase as a way to defuse potential conflict between the United States and Napoleon over North America.

Napoleon, Jefferson, Madison, and the members of Congress all knew this during the debates about the purchase in 1803.

* Napoleon, Arkansas was a city along the Arkansas Delta which was destroyed during a flood.

The term Latin America was supported by the French Empire of Napoleon III during the French invasion of Mexico, as a way to include France among countries with influence in America and to exclude Anglophone countries, and played a role in his campaign to imply cultural kinship of the region with France.

* 1805 – Napoleon Bonaparte invades Austria during the War of the Third Coalition.

Nazareth was captured by the troops of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1799, during his Syrian campaign.

In making 1927's Napoléon, director Abel Gance wrapped a camera and much of the lens in sponge padding so that it could be punched by other actors to portray the leading character's point of view during a fist fight, part of a larger snowball fight between schoolboys including young Napoleon.

Italy | Italian physicist Alessandro Volta showing his " Battery ( electricity ) | battery " to France | French emperor Napoleon I of France | Napoleon Bonaparte in the early 19th century.

Napoleon transformed the Italian principality of Elba, where he was imprisoned, into a miniature version of his First Empire, with most trappings of a sovereign monarchy, until his Cent Jours escape and reseizure of power in France convinced his opponents, reconvening the Vienna Congress in 1815, to revoke his gratuitous privileges and send him to die in exile on barren Saint Helena.

An important event that helped the diffusion of Italian was the conquest and occupation of Italy by Napoleon in the early nineteenth century ( who was himself of Italian-Corsican descent ).

On 19 May 1940 Ribbentrop met the new Italian Ambassador Dino Alfieri, who described the meeting as follows :" He commented at length on the " dazzling " successes of the German armies, extolling the military genius of the Führer ... who had " revealed himself as the greatest military genius since Napoleon "... He spoke of the inevitable clash between the young nations and the old ; of the necessity of breaking the ring with which the Judaeo-democratic-plutocratic powers were trying to encircle Germany and Italy ; and of the need to create a new European civilization.

The Italian paintings compose most of the remnants of Francis I and Louis XIV's collections, others are unreturned artwork from the Napoleon era, and some were bought.

* 1805 – The Italian Republic, with Napoleon as president, becomes the Kingdom of Italy, with Napoleon as King.

" The death of Napoleon in 1821 inspired Manzoni's powerful stanzas Il Cinque maggio ( The Fifth of May ), one of the most popular lyrics in the Italian language.

Apart from a few years under Napoleon and during the 1848 revolution, the ghetto lasted until Italian unification in 1859.

By a treaty concluded in 1860 between the Sardinian king and Napoleon III, the County was again ceded to France as a territorial reward for French assistance in the Second Italian War of Independence against Austria, which saw Lombardy unified with Piedmont-Sardinia.

In April – July 1859, Napoleon III made a secret agreement with Cavour, Prime Minister of Piedmont, for France to assist in expelling Austria from the Italian Peninsula and bringing about a united Italy, in exchange for Piedmont ceding Savoy and the Nice region to France.

Under Napoleon III, Marseille grew to a population of 250, 000, including a very large Italian community.

Napoleon departed from this gate in 1796 on his Italian campaign.

Napoleon Bonaparte departed on his triumphant Italian campaign from this gate in 1796.

However, the Italian Government could not take possession of its capital because Napoleon III kept a French garrison in Rome in order to protect Pope Pius IX.

On January 14, 1858, the Italian nationalist Felice Orsini attempted to assassinate the French Emperor Napoleon III.

Writing from prison, Orsini did not plead for his life, accepting death for his role in the failed assassination, but rather appealed to Napoleon III to fulfill his destiny by aiding the forces of Italian nationalism.

Under the terms of a peace treaty signed in Vienna on October 12, Emperor Franz Joseph had already agreed to cede Venetia to Napoleon III in exchange for non-intervention in the Austro-Prussian War and thus Napoleon III ceded Venetia to Italy on October 19 in exchange for the earlier Italian acquiescence to the French annexation of Savoy and Nice.

Born at Trieste, Austria ( today Italy ), and known as " Prince Napoléon " or by the sobriquet of " Plon-Plon ", he was a close advisor to his first cousin, Napoleon III of France, and in particular was seen as a leading advocate of French intervention in Italy on behalf of Camillo di Cavour and the Italian nationalists.

* Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte ( 1822 – 1891 ); was a close advisor to his cousin, Napoleon III of France ; and, in particular, was seen as a leading advocate of French intervention in Italy and of the Italian nationalists.

Napoleon acted because his popularity had declined in the face of the Italian war and a commercial treaty with Britain.

As Emperor, Napoleon dreamed of doing this, and thus satisfying his own inclinations and winning over liberal and left-wing opinion in France ( which was passionately in favour of Italian unification ) while at the same time supporting the Pope in Rome and thus maintaining conservative and Catholic support in France.