Napoleon Bonaparte is considered the first monarch proclaiming himself as an embodiment of the nation, rather than as a divinely-appointed ruler ; this interpretation of monarchy is germane to continental constitutional monarchies.

* 1804 – At Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, Napoleon Bonaparte crowns himself Emperor of the French, the first French Emperor in a thousand years.

Imprisoned after Robespierre's fall from power, he aligned himself with yet another political regime upon his release, that of Napoleon I.

One of the most famous Imperial coronation ceremonies was that of Napoleon, crowning himself Emperor in the presence of Pope Pius VII ( who had blessed the regalia ), at the Notre Dame de Paris | Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. The painting by Jacques-Louis David | David commemorating the event is equally famous: the gothic cathedral restyled Empire ( style ) | style Empire, supervised by the Letizia Ramolino | mother of the Emperor on the balcony ( a fictional addition, while she had not been present at the ceremony ), the pope positioned near the altar, Napoleon proceeds to crown his then wife, Joséphine de Beauharnais as Empress.

Napoleon Bonaparte, who was already First Consul of the French Republic ( Premier Consul de la République française ) for life, declared himself Emperor of the French ( Empereur des Français ) on 18 May 1804, thus creating the Empire of the French ( Empire des Français ).

He was again defeated, and this time forced to ally himself with Napoleon, ceding territory to the Empire, joining the Continental System, and wedding his daughter Marie-Louise to the Emperor.

Thus, on 2 December 1851, shortly before the end of his single three-year term in office was to expire, Louis Bonaparte staged a coup against the Second Republic in France, disbanded the elected Constituent Assembly, arrested some of the Republican leaders and declared himself Emperor Napoleon III of France.

Napoleon III, nephew of Napoleon I, returned from exile in the United Kingdom in 1848 to be elected to the French parliament, and then as " Prince President " in a coup d ' état elected himself Emperor, a move approved later by a large majority of the French electorate.

Another French attack was launched on Spain, led by Napoleon himself, and was described as " an avalanche of fire and steel.

Louis Napoleon, himself encouraged this contradiction by " being all things to all people.

Indeed, Emperor Louis Napoleon III surrendered himself and 100, 000 French troops to the German troops at Sedan on 1 – 2 September 1870.

An important event that helped the diffusion of Italian was the conquest and occupation of Italy by Napoleon in the early nineteenth century ( who was himself of Italian-Corsican descent ).

On 19 May 1940 Ribbentrop met the new Italian Ambassador Dino Alfieri, who described the meeting as follows :" He commented at length on the " dazzling " successes of the German armies, extolling the military genius of the Führer ... who had " revealed himself as the greatest military genius since Napoleon "... He spoke of the inevitable clash between the young nations and the old ; of the necessity of breaking the ring with which the Judaeo-democratic-plutocratic powers were trying to encircle Germany and Italy ; and of the need to create a new European civilization.

For his loyalty and dedication, Napoleon himself presented the soldier with a Sabre of Honor and a pension of 200 francs.

In March 1800, Hermann alerted the French scientist George Cuvier to the existence of Collini's fossil, believing that it had been captured by the occupying armies of Napoleon and sent to the French collections in Paris ( and perhaps to Cuvier himself ) as war booty ; at the time special French political commissars systematically seized art treasures and objects of scientific interest.

He first distinguished himself in the battle of Charnova ( 1807 ) where his regiment held out for 15 hours against the whole army commanded by Napoleon.

He declares he will bring Napoleon back to Paris " in an iron cage ", which Louis XVIII says to himself is an exaggerated expression and an overreaction, typical for a militarist.

He realizes that Napoleon has got between himself and Blücher's Prussians and is on the road to Brussels.

Ponsonby and Wellington both marvel at the precision of the French formations, while Wellington refuses permission to an artillery officer to fire long range shot at Napoleon himself.

A year later he declares himself as Emperor Napoleon III, ending the Second Republic.

* December 2 – At Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, Napoleon Bonaparte crowns himself as the first Emperor of the French in a thousand years ( the Napoleonic Code is adopted ).

Feeling threatened by Napoleon, who had escaped from Elba, William proclaimed himself King of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands on 16 March 1815 at the urging of the powers gathered at the Congress of Vienna.

On May 12, 1800, Napoleon inspected two divisions of his troops in Ecublens on his way to the Great St Bernard Pass during his Italian campaign of 1800.

It was also in 1840 that the British government acceded to a French request for Napoleon ’ s body to be returned to France in what became known as the retour des cendres.

Widescreen was first widely used in the late 1920s in some short films and newsreels, including Abel Gance's film Napoleon ( 1927 ) with a final widescreen sequence in what Gance called Polyvision.

* December 2 – In what amounts to a coup, Louis Napoleon, president of France, dissolves the French National Assembly and declares a new constitution to extend his term.

On 30 June 1810 the French army handed over the former principality to the what was now the Kingdom of Bavaria, which it had bought from Napoleon for 15 million francs.

Napoleon had long been dissatisfied with what he viewed as the foot-dragging and inefficiency of the Dutch.

When the Sixth Coalition finally defeated Napoleon, Louis XVIII was restored to what he, and Royalists, considered his rightful place.

The men at Boulogne formed the core for what Napoleon would later call La Grande Armée.

Some historians suggest that Napoleon was so successful at Austerlitz that he lost touch with reality, and what used to be French foreign policy became a " personal Napoleonic one " after the battle.

On the other hand, some residents of France's overseas departments protested against what they viewed as the " official commemoration of Napoleon ", arguing that Austerlitz should not be celebrated since they believed Napoleon committed genocide against colonial people.

In 1961, Pearlington was one of six communities in Hancock County, Mississippi acquired either wholly ( Gainesville, Logtown, Napoleon, Santa Rosa, and Westonia ) or in part ( a section of northern Pearlington ), along with a combined population of 700 families who were completely relocated to provide a acoustical buffer zone for what was envisioned to be NASA's main rocket testing facility, the John C. Stennis Space Center ( SSC ).

The bowl, which weighs more than and holds, was used at a dinner held in the Radcliffe Camera in 1814, to celebrate what was supposed to be the final defeat of Napoleon.

By this point, Napoleon had seized Italy, the Netherlands, and Switzerland, establishing republics with constitutions in each, and Paul felt that Russia now needed to play an active role in Europe in order to overthrow what the republic had created and restore traditional authorities.

Napoleon, who had been sick with a cold and was too far from the action to really observe what was going on, refused to send his subordinates reinforcements ; he was hesitant to release his last reserve, the Imperial Guard, so far from France.

He returned to America in 1805, and lived at his home, Kalorama, in what is now Washington, D. C., until 1811, when he became American minister plenipotentiary to France, charged with negotiating a commercial treaty with Napoleon, and with securing the restitution of confiscated American property or indemnity therefor.

The resulting Battle of Abensberg was a clear, French victory, following which Napoleon ordered all but Davout's III Corps and Lefebvre ’ s ( Bavarian ) VII Corps to pursue and destroy what he thought was the remains of the Austrian Army.

The mop-up of what Napoleon thought was a " curtain of three regiments " was left to Davout, even though more than half of the III Corps ' original units had been detached to create Lannes ' task force.

In the five years of his conquests and administration in Bengal, the young man had crowded together a succession of exploits which led Lord Macaulay, in what that historian termed his " flashy " essay on the subject, to compare him to Napoleon Bonaparte, declaring that " gave peace, security, prosperity and such liberty as the case allowed of to millions of Indians, who had for centuries been the prey of oppression, while Napoleon's career of conquest was inspired only by personal ambition, and the absolutism he established vanished with his fall.

* April 7-Abel Gance's Napoleon often considered his best known and greatest masterpiece, premiers ( in a shortened version ) at the Paris Opéra and would demonstrate techniques and equipment that would not be used for years to come, such as hand-held cameras, and what is often considered the first widescreen projection format Polyvision.

After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, the Congress of Vienna incorporated what is now Belgium into the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.

The men at Boulogne formed the core for what Napoleon would later call La Grande Armée ().

The date of the beginning of what Mme de Staël's admirers call her duel with Napoleon is not easy to determine.

Although Ney was criticized for not capturing Quatre Bras early, there is still debate as to what time Napoleon actually ordered Ney to capture Quatre Bras.

Gareth Jenkins wrote that " Beethoven was doing for music what Napoleon was doing for society — turning tradition upside down ", and that the symphony embodied a " sense of human potential and freedom " first seen in the period of the French Revolution.