Nicotinamide, also known as niacinamide and nicotinic acid amide, is the amide of nicotinic acid ( vitamin B < sub > 3 </ sub > / niacin ).

Nicotinamide is a water-soluble vitamin and is part of the vitamin B group.

* Vitamin B < sub > 3 </ sub >: Nicotinamide, also known as Niacinamide

* Niacin → Nicotinamide → NMN → NAD < sup >+</ sub > → NADH / NADP < sup >+</ sub > → NADPH

* Diphosphopyridine nucleotide, an old name for Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ( NAD < sup >+</ sup >), a coenzyme found in all living cells

* Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, or NADH, a coenzyme and signaling molecule, whose oxidized form is NAD < sup >+</ sup >

Nicotinamide may be toxic to the liver at doses exceeding 3 g / day for adults.

Nicotinamide has demonstrated anti-inflammatory actions that may be of benefit to patients with inflammatory skin conditions.

Nicotinamide has demonstrated the ability to block the inflammatory actions of iodides known to precipitate or exacerbate inflammatory acne.

Nicotinamide is also reported to be an effective skin whitener in topical application.

Nicotinamide may be obtained from the diet where it is present primarily as NAD + and NADP +.

* DrugBank. ca Drug Card for Nicotinamide

Nicotinamide is necessary for neutral amino acid transporter production in the proximal renal tubules found in the kidney, and intestinal mucosal cells found in the small intestine.

Nicotinamide acne treatment is also available as Nicotinamide pads and cream.

Nicotinamide acts as a chemo-and radio-sensitizing agent by enhancing tumor blood flow, thereby reducing tumor hypoxia.

Nicotinamide reportedly increases the endurance of mice.

Nicotinamide lacks the vasodilator, gastrointestinal, hepatic, and hypolipidemic actions of nicotinic acid.

Nicotinamide does not reduce cholesterol or cause flushing.

Nicotinamide does not bind this receptor which explains why it does not affect blood lipid levels.

Nicotinamide is present in nature in only small amounts.

A rare exception to the dominance of α-amino acids in biology is the β-amino acid beta alanine ( 3-aminopropanoic acid ), which is used in plants and microorganisms in the synthesis of pantothenic acid ( vitamin B < sub > 5 </ sub >), a component of coenzyme A.

However, these deadly fish are considered a delicacy among the Jamaican population, due to the high levels of vitamin B < sup > 12 </ sup > which is found within the fatty tissue which is abundant in this fish.

Glutamate can then be decarboxylated ( requiring vitamin B < sub > 6 </ sub >) into the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA.

The secosteroids, comprising various forms of vitamin D, are characterized by cleavage of the B ring of the core structure.

By 1912, the discovery of vitamins was a boost for Marmite, as the spread is a rich source of the vitamin B complex ; vitamin B < sub > 12 </ sub > is not naturally found in yeast extract, but is added to Marmite during manufacture.

With the vitamin B < sub > 1 </ sub > deficiency beri-beri being common during the First World War, the spread became more popular.

The following nutrients should be monitored especially in children, because of their importance in facilitating growth and function: calcium, protein, iron, zinc, vitamin D, vitamin B < sub > 12 </ sub >, riboflavin, vitamin A, omega-3 fatty acids.

Fish provides vitamin B < sub > 12 </ sub > in a macrobiotic diet ,< ref > as bioavailable B < sub > 12 </ sub > analogues have not been established in any natural plant food, including sea vegetables, soya, fermented products, and algae.

2. 33 mg of vitamin B < sub > 2 </ sub >

590 μg of vitamin B < sub > 6 </ sub >

57. 6 μg of vitamin B < sub > 12 </ sub >

Examples include most sugars, some alkaloids and terpenoids, certain nutrients such as vitamin B < sub > 12 </ sub >, and, in general, those natural products with large or stereoisometrically complicated molecules present in reasonable concentrations in living organisms.

Those with an otherwise adequate calcium intake can develop osteoporosis due to the inability to absorb calcium and / or vitamin D. Other micronutrients such as vitamin K or vitamin B < sub > 12 </ sub > deficiency may also contribute.

A medium-size 150 g ( 5. 3 oz ) potato with the skin provides 27 mg of vitamin C ( 45 % of the Daily Value ( DV )), 620 mg of potassium ( 18 % of DV ), 0. 2 mg vitamin B < sub > 6 </ sub > ( 10 % of DV ) and trace amounts of thiamin, riboflavin, folate, niacin, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, and zinc.

A 1. 0 % agar / 0. 44 % MS + vitamin dH < sub > 2 </ sub > O solution is suitable for growth media between normal growth temps.

* Calcium gluconate ( Ca ( C < sub > 6 </ sub > H < sub > 11 </ sub > O < sub > 7 </ sub >)< sub > 2 </ sub >) is used as a food additive and in vitamin pills.

When exposed to ultraviolet light, natural ergosterols in mushrooms produce vitamin D < sub > 2 </ sub >, a process now exploited for the functional food retail market.

In renal disease, more active forms of Vitamin D such as cholecalciferol or ( 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol or calcitriol which is the main biologically active form of vitamin D ) is used, as the kidney cannot adequately generate calcitriol from calcidiol ( 25-hydroxycholecalciferol ) which is the storage form of vitamin D. In vitamin D assays, vitamin D < sub > 2 </ sub > ( ergocalitrol ) is not accurately measured, therefore vitamin D < sub > 3 </ sub > ( cholecalciferol ) is recommended for supplementation.

It is estimated that at least 3 million children are blind due to vitamin A deficiency.

Spam provides the following vitamins and minerals: 0 % vitamin A, 1 % vitamin C, 1 % calcium, 5 % iron, 3 % magnesium, 9 % potassium, 12 % zinc, and 5 % copper.

Three synthetic types of vitamin K are known: vitamins K < sub > 3 </ sub >, K < sub > 4 </ sub >, and K < sub > 5 </ sub >.

There are three synthetic forms of vitamin K, vitamins K < sub > 3 </ sub >, K < sub > 4 </ sub >, and K < sub > 5 </ sub >, which are used in many areas including the pet food industry ( vitamin K < sub > 3 </ sub >) and to inhibit fungal growth ( vitamin K < sub > 5 </ sub >).

However, a synthetic form of vitamin K, vitamin K < sub > 3 </ sub > ( menadione ), is demonstrably toxic.

Niacin ( also known as vitamin B < sub > 3 </ sub >, nicotinic acid and vitamin PP ) is an organic compound with the formula and, depending on the definition used, one of the forty to eighty essential human nutrients.

Other forms of vitamin B < sub > 3 </ sub > include the corresponding amide, nicotinamide (" niacinamide "), where the carboxyl group has been replaced by a carboxamide group (), as well as more complex amides and a variety of esters.

A man with pellagra, which is caused by a chronic lack of vitamin B < sub > 3 </ sub > in the diet

Niacin is referred to as vitamin B < sub > 3 </ sub > because it was the third of the B vitamins to be discovered.