In addition, Nietzsche ( in Beyond Good and Evil ) and Alasdair MacIntyre ( in After Virtue ) have pointed out that the ancient Greeks did not associate morality with altruism in the way that post-Christian Western civilization has done.

This heroic view of history was also strongly endorsed by some philosophical figures such as Hegel, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Spengler, but it fell out of favor after World War II.

For example, German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche argued, in the § 133 of his The Dawn, that in such cases compassionate impulses arise out of the projection of our identity unto the object of our feeling.

* This tendency never accomplishes itself because it runs into a counter-tendency with which it forms a metastable equilibrium ( it must be pointed out how close this conception of the dynamic of individuation is to the Freudian theory of drives, but also to the thinking of Empedocles and of Nietzsche ).

Friedrich Nietzsche stated: " communal solidarity is annihilated by the highest and strongest drives that, when they break out passionately, whip the individual far past the average low level of the ' herd-conscience.

Giddens ( 1990 ) rejects this characterisation of " modern critique ", pointing out that a critique of Enlightenment universals was central to philosophers of the modern period, most notably Nietzsche.

As Nietzsche points out, it presupposes an “ I ” to think without offering empirical evidence to back this assumption.

Heidegger, in Strauss ' view, sanitized and politicized Nietzsche, whereas Nietzsche believed " our own principles, including the belief in progress, will become as relative as all earlier principles had shown themselves to be " and " the only way out seems to be ... that one voluntarily choose life-giving delusion instead of deadly truth, that one fabricate a myth ".

* New York City-based artist Nick Musaelian created " The Little Nietzsche " paintings in which Playmobil people act out Zarathustra's words.

John Locke's chapter XXVII " On Identity and Diversity " in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding ( 1689 ) has been said to be one of the first modern conceptualizations of consciousness as the repeated self-identification of oneself, through which moral responsibility could be attributed to the subject — and therefore punishment and guiltiness justified, as critics such as Nietzsche would point out, affirming "... the psychology of conscience is not ' the voice of God in man '; it is the instinct of cruelty ... expressed, for the first time, as one of the oldest and most indispensable elements in the foundation of culture.

* Wolin, Richard, The Seduction of Unreason: The Intellectual Romance with Fascism from Nietzsche to Postmodernism ( Princeton University Press ) 2004, sets out to trace “ the uncanny affinities between the Counter-Enlightenment and postmodernism .”

By contrast, MacIntyre is concerned with reclaiming various forms of moral rationality and argumentation that claim neither ultimate finality nor incorrigible certainty ( the mistaken project of the Enlightenment ), but nevertheless do not simply bottom out into relativistic or emotivist denials of any moral rationality whatsoever ( according to him, the mistaken conclusion of Nietzsche, Sartre and Stevenson ).

This putting out of the drive-detention-vital dynamics has influenced Friedrich Nietzsche ( as will to power ), Eduard von Hartmann, Sigmund Freud and the philosophy of life.

As Heidegger points out in his lectures on Nietzsche, Nietzsche's first mention of eternal recurrence, in aphorism 341 of The Gay Science ( cited below ), presents this concept as a hypothetical question rather than postulating it as a fact.

Rudolf Steiner, who revised the first catalogue of Nietzsche's personal library in January 1896, pointed out that Nietzsche would have read something similar in Eugen Dühring's Courses on philosophy ( 1875 ), which Nietzsche readily criticized.

Lou Andreas-Salomé pointed out that Nietzsche referred to ancient cyclical conceptions of time, in particular by the Pythagoreans, in the Untimely Meditations.

" Though not anti-Semitic, this would eventually be one of his works taken out of context and reinterpreted by the Nazis to paint Nietzsche as an early philosopher of Nazism.

Oehler wrote an entire book, Friedrich Nietzsche und die Deutsche Zukunft, dealing with Nietzsche and his connection to nationalism ( specifically National Socialism ) and anti-Semitism, using quotes from Human, All Too Human, though out of context.

Nietzsche went on to say that mankind, out of fear, has bred a weak, sick type of human.

" Nietzsche believed that Christianity is a conspiracy "... against health, beauty, whatever has turned out well, courage, intellect, goodness of the soul, against life itself.

' One would therefore be better readied for the content of the book were its title rendered " The Anti-Christian ", which more accurately states the foe against whom Nietzsche sets out to do battle.

Taine shared a correspondence with the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, who later referred to him in Beyond Good and Evil as " the greatest living historian ".

Bacon spent the autumn and winter of 1926 in London, with the help of an allowance of £ 3 a week from his mother's trust fund, living on his instincts, simply ' drifting ', and reading Nietzsche.

They are supposed to represent a high, pure, and superior spirit that is above and has "... benevolent contempt for the ' understanding ,' the ' senses ,' ' honors ,' ' good living ,' and ' science ' ..." But, to Nietzsche, " Pure spirit is pure lie " and he called the priest a "... denier, slanderer, and poisoner of life ..." who is a "... conscious advocate of nothingness and negation ..." and who stands truth upside down on its head.

" Writing a generation before Nietzsche, Schopenhauer explained that the universe and everything in it is driven by a primordial will to live, which results in all living creatures ' desire to avoid death and procreate.

Nietzsche writes, " Even the body within which individuals treat each other as equals ... will have to be an incarnate will to power, it will strive to grow, spread, seize, become predominant — not from any morality or immorality but because it is living and because life simply is will to power.

" It has an affirmation of life, a triumphing agreeable sensation in life and that to draw up a lawbook such as Manu means to permit oneself to get the upper hand, to become perfection, to be ambitious of the highest art of living " Contra Nietzsche, Nipissing University philosophy professor W. A.

It is not Nietzsche or Max Stirner ... Their supposed Ego was composed of whirling words – your concept of the Ego is an entity, a person, a living creature functioning in concrete reality.

In such cases, according to Nietzsche, there comes into play unconscious fears regarding our own safety.

According to Friedrich Nietzsche, a German philologist and philosopher, and Constantine Paparrigopoulos, a major Greek historian, Demosthenes was a student of Isocrates ; according to Cicero, Quintillian and the Roman biographer Hermippus, he was a student of Plato.

The problem with morality, according to Nietzsche, is that those who were considered “ good ” were the powerful nobles who had more education, and considered themselves better than anyone below their rank.

According to Strauss, modern social science is flawed because it assumes the fact-value distinction, a concept which Strauss finds dubious, tracing its roots in Enlightenment philosophy to Max Weber, a thinker whom Strauss described as a " serious and noble mind .” Weber wanted to separate values from science but, according to Strauss, was really a derivative thinker, deeply influenced by Nietzsche ’ s relativism.

This morality of intentions is, according to Nietzsche, a " prejudice " and " something provisional [...] that must be overcome " (§ 32 ).

Instead, according to this interpretation of Nietzsche, he continued to propound the doctrine for its psychological and philosophical import.

Mankind, according to Nietzsche, is corrupt and its highest values are depraved.

" In his native Germany, philosophy is corrupt because it is theological, according to Nietzsche.

" Such hatred results from Christianity's decadence, according to Nietzsche.

Weak, decadent, and sick people, whose will to power has declined, will give themselves a God who is purely good, according to Nietzsche.

Buddhism is too positivistic and truthful, according to Nietzsche, to have advocated the Christian virtues of faith, hope, and charity.

Christianity then negated the Jewish church and its holy, chosen people, according to Nietzsche.

In the Old Testament, Genesis 3: 5, God's, and therefore the priests ', hellish anxiety regarding science has been chronicled, according to Nietzsche.

Dumont ’ s theory also would have seemed to confirm Nietzsche ’ s theory that pleasure and pain are reserved for intellectual beings, since, according to Dumont, pain and pleasure require a coming to consciousness and not just a sensing.

Friedrich Nietzsche wrote that the ideas for Zarathustra first came to him while walking on two roads surrounding Rapallo, according to Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche in the introduction of Thomas Common's translation of Thus Spake Zarathustra.

The willing is more essential than the intrinsic worth of the goal itself, according to Nietzsche.

His interest in Nietzsche ( who he called ' the Wise Man of Europe ') has led later Muslim scholars to criticise him for advocating dangerous ideals that, according to them, have eventually formed in certain strains of pan-Islamism.