Nonlinearities that give rise to amplitude distortion in audio systems are most often measured in terms of the harmonics ( overtones ) added to a pure sinewave fed to the system.

Nonlinearities can be included in the formulation, although they will generally introduce volume integrals which then require the volume to be discretised before solution can be attempted, removing one of the most often cited advantages of BEM.

* Movement — bones, skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments and joints function together to generate and transfer forces so that individual body parts or the whole body can be manipulated in three-dimensional space.

Dr. White built a software system to find the genes ( fragments of genomic sequence that encode proteins ), the transfer RNAs, and to make initial assignments of function to those genes.

The bilinear transform is a special case of a conformal mapping ( namely, the Möbius transformation ), often used to convert a transfer function of a linear, time-invariant ( LTI ) filter in the continuous-time domain ( often called an analog filter ) to a transfer function of a linear, shift-invariant filter in the discrete-time domain ( often called a digital filter although there are analog filters constructed with switched capacitors that are discrete-time filters ).

The bilinear transform essentially uses this first order approximation and substitutes into the continuous-time transfer function,

A continuous-time causal filter is stable if the poles of its transfer function fall in the left half of the complex s-plane.

A discrete-time causal filter is stable if the poles of its transfer function fall inside the unit circle in the complex z-plane.

Likewise, a continuous-time filter is minimum-phase if the zeros of its transfer function fall in the left half of the complex s-plane.

A discrete-time filter is minimum-phase if the zeros of its transfer function fall inside the unit circle in the complex z-plane.

This continuous-time filter has a transfer function

The function of the vast majority of chlorophyll ( up to several hundred molecules per photosystem ) is to absorb light and transfer that light energy by resonance energy transfer to a specific chlorophyll pair in the reaction center of the photosystems.

coefficients, a transfer function relating the input and output can be obtained by taking their Laplace transform.

If the resulting linear differential equations have constant coefficients one can take their Laplace transform to obtain a transfer function.

The transfer function is also known as the system function or network function.

The transfer function is a mathematical representation, in terms of spatial or temporal frequency, of the relation between the input and output of a linear time-invariant solution of the nonlinear differential equations describing the system.

If we assume the controller C, the plant P, and the sensor F are linear and time-invariant ( i. e., elements of their transfer function C ( s ), P ( s ), and F ( s ) do not depend on time ), the systems above can be analysed using the Laplace transform on the variables.

The expression is referred to as the closed-loop transfer function of the system.

with the PID controller transfer function

Mathematically, this means that for a causal linear system to be stable all of the poles of its transfer function must have negative-real values, i. e. the real part of all the poles are less than zero.

Practically speaking, stability requires that the transfer function complex poles reside

:: * chain transfer ( the case in which one active particle enters an elementary reaction with the inactive particle which as a result becomes another active particle along with forming of another inactive particle from the initial active one );

At the nerve ending in the neuromuscular junction, where the impulse is transferred to the muscle cell, the nerve impulse leads to the transfer of vesicles with the neurotransmitter acetylcholine to " active zones " in the presynaptic membrane, where it is released into the synaptic cleft and stimulates the acetylcholine receptor on the muscle.

As hydrogen peroxide enters the active site, it interacts with the amino acids Asn147 ( asparagine at position 147 ) and His74, causing a proton ( hydrogen ion ) to transfer between the oxygen atoms.

In late 1944 he appealed for a transfer to an active command.

Both the Kawasaki trains and Bombardier's ART have the active part of the motor in the cars and use overhead wires ( Japanese Subways ) or a third rail ( ART ) to transfer power to the train.

A second connection, called the data connection, can either be opened by the server from its port 20 to a negotiated client port ( active mode ), or by the client from an arbitrary port to a negotiated server port ( passive mode ) as required to transfer file data.

Lillestrøm was quite active in the transfer window ahead of the 2012-season, and bought 11 new players.

An active member of the fraternity is a full-time enrolled student at his chapter's host institution at the undergraduate, graduate, or post-graduate level ; all others, including members who have graduated or transfer to a school without a Phi Psi chapter, are considered alumni.

Chesterfield has permanently preserved more than of farmland through state and county programs and a township-wide transfer of development credits program that directs future growth to a designated " receiving area " known as Old York Village, which is a neo-traditional, New Urbanism community built on incorporating a variety of housing types, neighborhood commercial facilities, a new elementary school, civic uses, and active and passive open space areas with preserved agricultural land surrounding the planned village.

More recently, the rapid growth of East Asian economies, or the newly industrialized countries ( NICs ), has also been associated with active industrial policies that selectively promoted manufacturing and facilitated technology transfer and industrial upgrading.

In January 2011, Western Union acquired the 100 % of Angelo Costa, CEO Francesco Costa, a group active in money transfer and services to immigrants.

The Sierra Club was active in the successful campaign to transfer Yosemite National Park from state to federal control in 1906.

In particular, since the transfer of power to Hu Jintao and the fourth generation leadership, the previous generation of Chinese leaders including Jiang Zemin, Li Peng and Zhu Rongji have not played an active role in political decision-making.

Passive immunity is acquired through transfer of antibodies or activated T-cells from an immune host, and is short lived — usually lasting only a few months — whereas active immunity is induced in the host itself by antigen, and lasts much longer, sometimes lifelong.

Passive immunity is the transfer of active immunity, in the form of readymade antibodies, from one individual to another.

All-wheel drive AWD vehicles often have an electronically controlled coupling system in the transfer case or transaxle engaged ( active part-time AWD ), or locked-up tighter ( in a true full-time set up driving all wheels with some power all the time ) to supply non-slipping wheels with ( more ) torque.

Such communication between proteins allows for the efficient transfer substrates from one active site to the next.

With the transfer of responsibility for continental air defense from the active duty component of the Air Force to the Air National Guard, 1 AF became the first numbered air force to be made up primarily of citizen airmen.

The target analyte is involved in the reaction that takes place on the active electrode surface, and the reaction may cause either electron transfer across the double layer ( producing a current ) or can contribute to the double layer potential ( producing a voltage ).

The heat transfer fluid ( HTF ) for the absorber may be the hot water from the tank, but more commonly ( at least in active systems ) is a separate loop of fluid containing anti-freeze and a corrosion inhibitor which delivers heat to the tank through a heat exchanger ( commonly a coil of copper tubing within the tank ).

This causes the transfer of heat to them in kleptothermy which is an advantage immediately after hibernation so allowing them to be more active.

In Taiwan, Presbyterians have historically been active in promoting the use of the local vernacular Taiwanese, both during the Japanese colonial period, as well as after the transfer of rulership to the Republic of China, during which the exclusive use of Mandarin was legally mandated.