Conversely the use of true brass seems to have declined in Western Europe during this period in favour of gunmetals and other mixed alloys but by the end of the first Millennium AD brass artefacts are found in Scandinavian graves in Scotland, brass was being used in the manufacture of coins in Northumbria and there is archaeological and historical evidence for the production of brass in Germany and The Low Countries areas rich in calamine ore which would remain important centres of brass making throughout the medieval period, especially Dinant – brass objects are still collectively known as dinanterie in French.

Compacted Oxide Layer Formation under Conditions of Limited Debris Retention at the Wear Interface during High Temperature Sliding Wear of Superalloys, Ph. D. Thesis ( 2003 ), Northumbria University, ISBN 1-58112-321-3

Both of these rulers were killed during the year that followed, as Cadwallon continued his devastating invasion of Northumbria.

However, there is no evidence that Northumbria was ever under Mercian control during Offa's reign.

After being shipwrecked on the English coast during a freak storm, he was captured by Anglian king Ælla of Northumbria and put to death in an infamous manner by being thrown into a pit of vipers.

The carpet pages are influenced by early Coptic ( Christian Egyptian ) manuscripts in their resemblance to Islamic prayer rugs, which were probably known during this time in Northumbria ( The British Library Board ).

These long reigns were unusual at this early date ; during the same period eleven kings reigned in Northumbria, many of whom died violent deaths.

He had learned Christian practice from the monks of Iona during his stay there ( while a political exile in his youth ), and had encouraged Ionan missionaries to further the Christianization of Northumbria, especially the famous Bishop Aidan.

The town was originally known as Inderawuda and was founded by Saint John of Beverley during the time of the Anglian kingdom of Northumbria.

It was during his reign that Theodore, the Archbishop of Canterbury, reorganized the church's diocesan structure, creating several new sees in Mercia and Northumbria.

Æthelred befriended Bishop Wilfrid of York when Wilfrid was expelled from his see in Northumbria ; Æthelred made Wilfrid Bishop of the Middle Angles during his exile, and supported him at the synod of Austerfield in about 702, when Wilfrid argued his case for the return of the ecclesiastical lands he had been deprived of in Northumbria.

Almost nothing is known of Mercian relations with East Anglia during this time ; East Anglia had previously been dominated by Northumbria, but there is no evidence that this continued after Wulfhere's accession.

The city was originally known as Inhrypum and was founded by Saint Wilfrid during the time of Angle kingdom Northumbria, a period during which it enjoyed prominence in terms of religious importance in Great Britain.

Malcolm was not only King of Scots, but also inherited the Earldom of Northumbria, which his father and grandfather had gained during the wars between Stephen and Empress Matilda.

Throughout these turbulent centuries Dunbar ’ s status must have been preserved because it next features as part of a major land grant and settlement by Malcolm III in favour of the exiled earl Gospatric of Northumbria ( to whom he may have been full cousin ) during 1072.

At the other end of the country, in the Kingdom of Northumbria, during AD 793 the Holy Island of Lindisfarne was raided.

It was during this period that Blackburnshire Hundred came into existence, probably as a territorial division of the kingdom of Northumbria.

An XREP projectile was controversially used by British police during the 2010 Northumbria Police manhunt It subsequently transpired that the XREP has never been officially approved for use in the United Kingdom and the weapon system was provided unrequested to the police at the scene directly by the civilian company which distributes Taser International's products in the UK.

Bede's description of Coifi is that of the chief of priests in Northumbria ; the fact that he is the chief priest suggests that there was some sort of organised pagan priesthood in existence during Coifi's time.

He subsequently allied himself with Oswiu's enemy, Penda of Mercia, and assisted Penda during his invasion of Northumbria in 655.

During the prolonged period of Viking incursions and settlement of Anglo-Saxon England pagan ideas and religious rites made something of a comeback, mainly in the Danelaw during the 9th century and particularly in the Kingdom of Northumbria, whose last king to rule it as an independent state was Eric Bloodaxe, a Viking, probably pagan and ruler until 954 AD.

William II unsuccessfully besieged it in 1095 during a revolt supported by its owner, Robert de Mowbray, Earl of Northumbria.

Bede ( ; ; 672 / 673 – 26 May 735 ), also referred to as Saint Bede or the Venerable Bede (), was an English monk at the Northumbrian monastery of Saint Peter at Monkwearmouth and of its companion monastery, Saint Paul's, in modern Jarrow ( see Monkwearmouth-Jarrow ), both in the Kingdom of Northumbria.

The instrument is also played in Great Britain ( Wales, East Anglia, Northumbria ) and the U. S., where its traditional use in folk music saw a notable revival in the late 20th Century.

An English invasion in 1054, with Siward, Earl of Northumbria, in command, had as its goal the installation of one " Máel Coluim, son of the King of the Cumbrians ".

After Cadwallon ap Cadfn, the king of Gwynedd, in alliance with the pagan Penda of Mercia, killed Edwin of Deira in battle at Hatfield Chase in 633 ( or 632, depending on when the years used by Bede are considered to have begun ), Northumbria was split between its constituent kingdoms of Bernicia and Deira.

Also at this time, Northumbria was establishing bishoprics in its sphere of influence, to be subordinate to the Northumbrian Archbishop of York.

In 867 Northumbria became the northern kingdom of the coalescing Danelaw, after its conquest by the brothers Halfdan Ragnarsson and Ivar the Boneless, who installed an Englishman, Ecgberht, as a puppet king.

In 829 he conquered Mercia, driving its King Wiglaf into exile, and secured acknowledgment of his overlordship from the king of Northumbria.

The land once part of Northumbria at its peak is now divided by modern administrative boundaries:

The local Environment Agency office, located in Newcastle Business Park, also uses the term Northumbria to describe its patch.

Northumbria lost control of Mercia in the late 650s, after a successful revolt under Penda's son Wulfhere, but it retained its dominant position until it suffered a disastrous defeat at the hands of the Picts at the Battle of Dun Nechtain in 685 ; Northumbria's king, Ecgfrith ( son of Oswiu ), was killed, and its power in the north was gravely weakened.

In 867 Northumbria became the northern kingdom of the Danelaw, after its conquest by the brothers Halfdan Ragnarsson and Ivar the Boneless who installed an Englishman, Ecgberht, as a puppet king.

Northumbria has its own check or tartan, which is similar to many ancient tartans ( especially those from Northern Europe, such as one found near Falkirk and those discovered in Jutland that date from Roman times ( and even earlier ).

Apart from standard English, Northumbria has a series of closely related but distinctive dialects, descended from the early Germanic languages of the Angles, of which 80 % of its vocabulary is derived, and Vikings with a few Celtic and Latin loanwords.

: Once a kingdom in its own right, disputed with Northumbria in the 7th century before finally coming under Mercian control ( approx.

The kingdom reached its height under Áedán mac Gabráin ( r. 574-608 ), but its expansion was checked at the Battle of Degsastan in 603 by Æthelfrith of Northumbria.

For a brief period following a victory over the rival kingdom of Northumbria around the year 616, East Anglia was the most powerful of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England, and its King Raedwald was Bretwalda ( overlord of the Anglo-Saxons kingdoms ).

It is notable for two reasons: the imposing Bamburgh Castle, overlooking the beach, seat of the former Kings of Northumbria, and at present owned by the Armstrong family ( see William George Armstrong ); and its association with the Victorian heroine, Grace Darling, who is buried there.

They soon moved north and in 867 captured Northumbria and its capital, York, defeating both the recently deposed King Osberht of Northumbria, as well as the usurper Ælla of Northumbria.

It is doubtful whether the agreement, whatever it may have been, was kept as Eadberht's army was all but wiped out, whether by their supposed allies or recent enemies is unclear, on its way back to Northumbria.

synod where King Oswiu of Northumbria ruled that his kingdom would calculate Easter and observe the monastic tonsure according to the customs of Rome, rather than the customs practised by Iona and its satellite institutions.