The Second Athenian Empire, a maritime self-defense league, was founded in 377 BC and was led by Athens ; but Athens would never recover the full extent of her power, and her enemies were now far stronger and more varied.

The Dutch Republic, particularly Holland and Zeeland, became a veritable Dutch empire, a maritime power with a commercial, imperial and colonial reach that extended to Asia, Africa and the Americas – but not without slavery and colonial oppression.

For over six centuries the Maharajahs of Srivijaya ruled a maritime empire that became the main power in the archipelago.

The United States is the only major maritime power that has not ratified the Convention ( see United States non-ratification of the UNCLOS ), with one of the main anti-ratification arguments being a charge that the ISA is flawed or unnecessary.

The creation of a maritime empire to rival the British and French empires became an ambition to mark Germany as a truly global great power.

At the start of the first Punic War, Carthage was the dominant power of the Western Mediterranean, with an extensive maritime empire, while Rome was a rapidly ascending power in Italy, but lacked the naval power of Carthage.

The power of Pisa as a mighty maritime nation began to grow and reached its apex in the 11th century when it acquired traditional fame as one of the four main historical Maritime Republics of Italy ().

This defeat ended the maritime power of Pisa and the town never fully recovered: in 1290 the Genoese destroyed forever the Porto Pisano ( Pisa's Port ), and covered the land with salt.

The empire was a thalassocracy or maritime power that extended its influence from island to island.

In the British Empire ( originally in the maritime and hinterland sphere of influence of the East India Company, HEIC, later transformed into crown territories ), mainly in British India, the numbers of guns fired as a gun salute to the ruler of a so-called princely state became a politically highly significant indicator of his status, not governed by objective rules, but awarded ( and in various cases increased ) by the British paramount power, roughly reflecting his state's socio-economic, political and / or military weight, but also as a prestigious reward for loyalty to the Raj, in classes ( always odd numbers ) from three to 21 ( seven lacking ), for the " vassal " indigenous rulers ( normally hereditary with a throne, sometimes raised as a personal distinction for an individual ruling prince ).

The sound-powered dynamic kind survived in small numbers through the 20th century in military and maritime applications, where its ability to create its own electrical power was crucial.

His naval policies would have a lasting impact on Athens as well, since maritime power became the cornerstone of the Athenian Empire and golden age.

Since Athens was to become an essentially maritime power during the 5th century BC, Themistocles's policies were to have huge significance for the future of Athens, and indeed Greece.

The Republic of Venice was a major maritime power during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, and a staging area for the Crusades and the Battle of Lepanto, as well as a very important center of commerce ( especially silk, grain, and spice ) and art in the 13th century up to the end of the 17th century.

* The Ming Dynasty in China disbands their naval fleet after the last great maritime expedition led by Admiral Zheng He, altering the balance of power in the Indian Ocean and making it easier for Portugal and other Western naval powers to gain dominance over the seas.

Ionia was always a maritime power founded by a people who made their living by trade in peaceful times and marauding in unsettled times.

Many of the creoles known today arose in the last 500 years, as a result of the worldwide expansion in European maritime power and trade in the Age of Discovery, which led to extensive European colonial empires and an intense slave trade.

The specific sense of the term was coined in the 16th and 17th century, during the great expansion in European maritime power and trade that led to the establishment of European colonies in other continents.

As principal secretary, he was a supporter of exploration, colonization, the use of England's maritime power, and the plantation of Ireland.

Overall, his foreign policy demonstrated a new understanding of the role of England as a maritime, Protestant power in an increasingly global economy.

After 1000, Ancona became increasingly independent, eventually turning into an important maritime republic ( together with Gaeta, Trani and Ragusa, it is one of those not appearing on the Italian naval flag ), often clashing against the nearby power of Venice.

It was one of the most powerful maritime republic in the Mediterranean from the 12th to the 14th century: after the decisive victory in the battle of Meloria ( 1284 ), it acquired control over the Tyrrhenian Sea and was present in the nerve centres of power during the last phase of the Byzantine empire, having colonies up to Black Sea and Crimean.

Flags also became the preferred means of communications at sea, resulting in various systems of flag signals ; see, International maritime signal flags.

The latter, consolidated during the period of British maritime hegemony in the 19th century, became the largest empire in history because of the improved transportation technologies of the time.

Avoiding maritime tragedies became an imperative in Harrison's lifetime because this was an era when trade and navigation were on an explosive increase around the globe due to the maturing of other technologies, and also due to geo-political circumstances.

Later, the protection of German maritime trade routes became important.

During these years the Byzantine Empire was so weak that commercial supremacy in the surrounding seas around it became a bone of contention for the Italian maritime commercial city states.

With this action, Asunción lost control of the Río de la Plata estuary and became dependent on Buenos Aires for maritime shipping.

Persian Gulf therefore became a critical maritime path through which the Allies transported equipment, to Russia against the Nazi invasion.

In building its maritime commercial empire, the Republic dominated the trade in salt, acquired control of most of the islands in the Aegean, including Cyprus and Crete, and became a major power-broker in the Near East.

As Bermuda's primary industry became maritime, following the 1684 removal of the impediments placed by the Somers Isles Company, most Bermudian slaves worked in shipbuilding and seafaring, or, in the case of the most unfortunate, in raking salt in the Turks Islands.

As ships became larger, increasingly were built from metal, and with the advent of steam, and with the vastly reduced opportunities Bermudians found for commerce due to US independence and the greater control exerted over their economies by developing territories, Bermuda's shipbuilding industry and maritime trades were slowly strangled.

The USAAF airfield, Fort Bell ( later, US Air Force Base Kindley Field, and, later still, US Naval Air Station Bermuda ) was on St. David's Island, while the Naval Operations Base, a Naval Air Station for maritime patrol flying boats, ( which became the Naval Air Station Annex after US Naval air operations relocated to ) was at the western end of the island in the Great Sound.

After a period of Byzantine domination in 8th century, Venice became an independent maritime Republic ruled by its elected doge.

The Germans fortified the island and, in the words of Robert Ensor and as Alexandra had predicted, it " became the keystone of Germany's maritime position for offence as well as for defence ".

The United States ' present fully integrated systems became possible only after the ICC's regulatory oversight was cut back ( and abolished in 1995 ); trucking and rail were deregulated in the 1970s and maritime rates were deregulated in 1984.

With the rise of Islam, the trade became dominated by Muslim traders, one ancient Arabic source appears to know the location of the islands, describing them as fifteen days ' sail East from the ' island of Jaba ' - presumably Java — but direct evidence of Islam in the archipelago occurs only in the late 14th century, as China's interest in regional maritime dominance waned.

Underwater Archaeology now has a number of branches including, after it became broadly accepted in the late 1980s maritime archaeology: the scientifically based study of past human life, behaviours and cultures and their activities in, on, around and ( lately ) under the sea, estuaries and rivers.

A maritime city near the mouth of the river Ubus, it became a Roman colonia which prospered and became a major city in Roman Africa.

Historically, the star was frequently used in celestial navigation in the maritime trade, because it is listed as one of the 57 navigational stars.

As the United Kingdom grew into an advanced maritime nation, British mariners kept at least one chronometer on GMT in order to calculate their longitude from the Greenwich meridian, which was by convention considered to have longitude zero degrees ( this convention was internationally adopted in the International Meridian Conference of 1884 ).

Haiti has one of the oldest maritime histories in the Americas.

The narrow body of water separating Hong Kong Island and Kowloon Peninsula, Victoria Harbour, is one of the deepest natural maritime ports in the world.

The body of water between Hong Kong Island and Kowloon Peninsula is Victoria Harbour, one of the deepest maritime ports in the world.

Wokou or Japanese pirates were one of the key primary concerns, although the maritime ban was not without some control.

* 1545 – The Tudor warship Mary Rose sinks off Portsmouth ; in 1982 the wreck is salvaged in one of the most complex and expensive projects in the history of maritime archaeology.

The result was a naval arms race with Britain as the German navy grew to become one of the greatest maritime forces in the world, second only to the Royal Navy.

An associated discipline, and again one that lies within archaeology itself, is underwater archaeology, which studies the past through any submerged remains be they of maritime interest or not.

Sea-based transportation of any merchandise or persons shipped entirely or even partly by water between U. S. points — either directly or indirectly via one or any number of foreign points — U. S. Federal Law requires that said items or persons must travel in U. S .- built, U. S .- crewed, U. S .- citizen owned vessels that are U. S .- documented by the Coast Guard for such maritime " cabotage " carriage.

The Port of Singapore, run by the port operators PSA International ( formerly the Port of Singapore Authority ) and Jurong Port, is the world's busiest in terms of shipping tonnage handled 1. 04 billion gross tons were handled in the year 2004, crossing the one billion mark for the first time in Singapore's maritime history.

The maritime town of Lagos, Portugal, Europe, was the first slave market created in Portugal ( one of the earliest colonizers of the Americas ) for the sale of imported African slaves – the Mercado de Escravos, opened in 1444.

* International maritime signal flags, one system of flag signals representing individual letters of the alphabet in signals to or from ships

Some see an internal contradiction between the mention already in Genesis 10: 5 that " From these the maritime peoples spread out into their territories by their clans within their nations, each with his own language " and the subsequent Babel story, which begins " Now the entire earth was of one language and uniform words " ( Genesis 11: 1 ).

It also maintained and developed its links with maritime services, one of the initial arms of Australia ’ s international telecommunications network.

In that case the word can be explained from the Old Scandinavian maritime distance unit, vika ( f .), which probably originally referred to the distance covered by one shift of rowers.

** The MV Bukoba sinks in Tanzanian waters in Lake Victoria, killing nearly 1, 000 in one of Africa's worst maritime disasters.

* October 7 – Almería, one of the most important maritime and commercial centers of al-Andalus, falls into Christian hands after two months of siege.

It is one of the four basic maritime knots ( the other three are figure-eight knot, reef knot and clove hitch ).

A " rocket parachute flare or a hand flare showing a red light ... indicates distress and need of assistance " at sea is one type of a maritime distress signal.

Due historically to a third of Bermuda's manpower being at sea at any one time, and to many of those seamen ultimately settling elsewhere, especially as the Bermudian maritime industry began to suffer, Bermuda was noted for having a high number of aging spinsters well into the 20th century.

Venice ruled for centuries over one of the largest and richest maritime republics and trade empires in the world.