In October 1994, Borland sold Quattro Pro and Paradox to Novell for $ 140 million in cash, repositioning the company on its core software development tools and the Interbase database engine and shifting toward client-server scenarios in corporate applications.

Novell provided desktop manager components and scalable systems technologies from UNIX System V. Sun contributed its ToolTalk application interaction framework and a port of its DeskSet productivity tools, including mail and calendar clients, from its OpenWindows environment.

A solution appeared with the advent of Novell NetWare which provided even-handed support for dozens of competing card / cable types, and a much more sophisticated operating system than most of its competitors.

" Novell criticized Microsoft's Active Directory, the new directory service architecture, as less scalable or reliable than its own Novell Directory Services ( NDS ) alternative.

Novell intended to continue and extend development of Ximian's original projects, while adding support for its own GroupWise and ZENworks software.

In another lawsuit, Novell claims that Microsoft had " deliberately targeted and destroyed " its WordPerfect and QuattroPro programs to protect its Windows operating system monopoly.

The release of Windows 95 in August 1995 was the beginning of the end for Novell and its plans to compete with Microsoft.

Later that same year, the company introduced its most significant product, the multi-platform network operating system ( NOS ), Novell NetWare.

Novell based its network protocol on Xerox Network Systems ( XNS ), and created its own standards from IDP and SPP, which it named Internetwork Packet Exchange ( IPX ) and Sequenced Packet Exchange ( SPX ).

With this market leadership, Novell began to acquire and build services on top of its NetWare operating platform.

However, Novell was also diversifying, moving away from its smaller users to target large corporations, although the company later attempted to refocus with NetWare for Small Business.

Novell in 1995 assigned portions of its Unix business to the Santa Cruz Operation.

However, by 1999, Novell had lost its dominant market position, and was continually being out-marketed by Microsoft, which gained access to corporate data centers by bypassing technical staff and selling directly to corporate executives.

The CEO of CTP, Jack Messman, engineered the merger using his position as a board member of Novell since its inception and soon became CEO of Novell as well.

With the acquisition of CTP, Novell moved its headquarters to Massachusetts.

From 2003 through 2005 Novell released many products across its portfolio, with the intention of arresting falling market share and to move away from dependencies on other Novell products, but the launches were not as successful as Novell had hoped.

Digital Research produced a compatible variant known as DR DOS, which was eventually taken over ( after a buyout of Digital Research ) by Novell, then by Caldera.

* Digital Research CP / M, MP / M, FlexOS, Concurrent CP / M, Concurrent DOS, Multiuser DOS, System Manager, REAL / 32, Personal CP / M, DOS Plus, Novell DOS, PalmDOS, OpenDOS, and DR-DOS

Linux filesystem drivers do not at present incorporate support for file / directory passwords on FAT12 / FAT16 / FAT32 volumes and multi-user world / group / owner access permissions for read / write / delete / execute rights on FAT12 / FAT16 volumes as implemented in various operating systems of the Digital Research family, including DR-DOS, PalmDOS, Novell DOS, OpenDOS, FlexOS, Concurrent DOS, Multiuser DOS, System Manager and REAL / 32.

Digital Research was purchased by Novell in 1991, primarily for Novell to gain access to the operating system line.

Novell DOS is similar to MS-DOS and IBM PC-DOS, but no extra license for DOS is required ; this came from the acquisition of Digital Research in 1991.

Under Noorda's watch, Novell acquired several companies and products with the goal of countering Microsoft's rapid spread into new markets, including Digital Research, Unix System Laboratories, WordPerfect, and Borland's Quattro Pro.

In 1996 it also acquired the Digital Research assets from Novell and immediately brought a lawsuit against Microsoft that largely duplicated the claims that the Federal Trade Commission ( FTC ) and Department of Justice had pursued in the early 1990s.

This component has been under development at Digital Research / Novell since ( at least ) 1991 under the codename " Vladivar " ( originally a separate device driver KRNL386. SYS instead of a module of EMM386 ).

An evolution of the older Concurrent CP / M-86 and Concurrent DOS operating systems, it was originally developed by Digital Research and later acquired and further developed by Novell.

In some cases, candidates are expected to possess industry certifications such as the Microsoft MCSA, MCSE, MCITP, Red Hat RHCE, Novell CNA, CNE, Cisco CCNA or CompTIA's A + or Network +, Sun Certified SCNA, Linux Professional Institute among others.

Dennis Fairclough, Drew Major, Dale Neibaur and Kyle Powell left ERI and took with them the experience and technology to found Novell.

At ERI, Fairclough, Major, Neibaur and Powell worked on government contracts for the Intelligent Systems Technology Project, and gained an important insight into the ARPANET and related technologies, ideas which would become crucial to the foundation of Novell.

These four men left their employment with ERI and took with them the experience and technology necessary to start and support the development of Novell.

Dennis Fairclough, Drew Major, Dale Neibaur and Kyle Powell's work on the Intelligent Systems Technology Project at ERI transferred to Novell important insights from the ARPANET and related developing technologies, insights that would become the foundations of Novell.

" ERI spawned many high-tech spin-offs, including WordPerfect, Novell, and Dynix in computers and some in the military and communication areas.

Novell, Inc. is an American multinational software and services company headquartered in Provo, Utah.

The company began in 1979 in Provo, Utah as Novell Data Systems Inc., a hardware manufacturer producing CP / M-based systems.

On April 2011, Attachmate announced layoffs for the Novell workforce, including hundreds of employees from their Provo Utah Valley center, raising questions about the future of some open source projects such as Mono.

Novell has been instrumental in making the Utah Valley a focus for technology and software development.

In August 2007, the United States District Court for the District of Utah ruled that Novell owned the copyrights at issue.

On August 10, 2007, the United States District Court in Utah issued a ruling that Novell had retained copyright ownership of the System V UNIX copyrights and that SCO was in breach of its covenants to provide Novell with the previously agreed royalties to the Unix technology Novell had originally sold to SCO.

In March, the SCO Group's case against Novell for slander of title was heard by a jury in Utah, which unanimously ruled in favor of Novell.

Filed in Utah state court, the lawsuit requested both preliminary and permanent injunctions assigning all of Novell's Unix copyright registrations to SCO and forcing Novell to retract all of their claims to the Unix code.

On November 27, 2007, United States Bankruptcy Judge Kevin Gross lifted the automatic stay so as to allow the Utah court to determine how much money SCO owed Novell, but the bankruptcy court retained jurisdiction over any constructive trust that the Federal court might create.

Novell and WordPerfect were instrumental in making the Utah Valley a focus for high-technology software development.

On August 24, 2009, the U. S. 10th Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the 2007 summary judgment of the U. S. District Court for the District of Utah, which found that Novell was the owner of Unix and UnixWare copyrights.