As the worldwide implications of Nuclear Winter began to be taken seriously in the late 1980s Much interest by military analysts shifted to fusing of nuclear warheads to explode at low, rather than high altitude.

Whereas the TTAPS paper described a 3000 MT counterforce attack on ICBM sites, Michael Altfed of the Michigan State University and Political Scientist Stephen Cimbala of Pennsylvania State University maintained that with the trend towards smaller more accurate warheads in the United States and Soviet Nuclear Arsenals the same counterforce attack could be conducted with 1 / 1000th of that yield.

Because there is concern that it will become increasingly difficult to maintain high confidence in the current warheads for the long term, the Department of Energy / National Nuclear Security Administration initiated the Reliable Replacement Warhead ( RRW ) Program.

On September 9, 1980, Berrigan, his brother Daniel, and six others ( the " Plowshares Eight ") began the Plowshares Movement when they entered the General Electric Nuclear Missile Re-entry Division in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania where nose cones for the Mark 12A warheads were made.

Nuclear warheads are very resistant to physical damage, but are very difficult to harden against extreme neutron flux.

Nuclear testing has since become a controversial issue in the United States, with a number of politicians saying that future testing might be necessary to maintain the aging warheads from the Cold War.

Nuclear warheads are produced and stored on the premises.

Category: Nuclear warheads of France

To prevent the president from trying to escape Area 7, Caesar also overrode the launch codes on the Nuclear Football so that to prevent the detonation of the warheads, the president must place his hand on the fingerprint sensor on the Football ( that is being kept in Caesar's possession ) every 90 minutes.

Category: Nuclear warheads

This entire class of weaponry was eliminated by the 1987 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty ( INF treaty ), and thus reducing both the number and the threat of nuclear warheads.

Nuclear researcher Chuck Hansen's research indicates that the Python primary was used in the US B28 nuclear bomb and the W28, W40, and W49 nuclear warheads.

Category: Nuclear warheads

Category: Nuclear warheads

The GLCM and the U. S. Army's Pershing II may have been the incentives that fostered Soviet willingness to sign the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty ( INF treaty ), and thus possibly reduced the threat of nuclear warheads in Europe.

Category: Nuclear warheads

Category: Nuclear warheads

* Israeli Nuclear Weapons — using information from Mordechai Vanunu, The Sunday Times in 1986 published information that said that Israel had manufactured more than 100 nuclear warheads.

Category: Nuclear warheads

Nuclear weapons have given the world the means for self-destruction in hours or days ; ;

* AdA ( physics ) or Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare ( National Institute for Nuclear Physics ), Italy

This sample was used to synthesize the element ununseptium for the first time in 2009 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Russia, after it was bombarded with calcium-48 ions for 150 days.

* In The Simpsons episode " Homer at the Bat ", Homer Simpson is hit in the head by a pitch while playing for the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant softball team, rendering him unconscious, but forcing in the winning run.

The synthesis of bohrium was first attempted in 1976 by scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna using this cold fusion reaction.

Colloids have been suspected for the long-range transport of plutonium on the Nevada Nuclear Test Site.

* Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean ( OPANAL )

Membership in International Organizations: The major organizations in which Colombia is a member include: the Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean, Andean Pact, Caribbean Development Bank, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Group of 3, Group of 11, Group of 24, Group of 77, Inter-American Development Bank, International Atomic Energy Agency, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, International Chamber of Commerce, International Civil Aviation Organization, International Criminal Police Organization, International Development Association, International Finance Corporation, International Fund for Agricultural Development, International Labour Organization, International Maritime Organization, International Maritime Satellite Organization, International Monetary Fund ( IMF ), International Olympic Committee, International Organization for Migration, International Organization for Standardization, International Telecommunication Union, International Telecommunications Satellite Organization, International Trade Union Confederation, Latin American Economic System, Latin American Integration Association, Latin Union, Non-Aligned Movement, Organization of American States ( OAS ), Permanent Court of Arbitration, Rio Group, United Nations ( UN ), UN Conference on Trade and Development, UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, UN Industrial Development Organization, UN Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees, Universal Postal Union, World Confederation of Labour, World Federation of Trade Unions, World Health Organization, World Intellectual Property Organization, World Meteorological Organization, World Tourism Organization, and World Trade Organization.

Nuclear transport is crucial to cell function, as movement through the pores is required for both gene expression and chromosomal maintenance.

# REDIRECT Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament.

The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament ( CND ) is an anti-nuclear organisation that advocates unilateral nuclear disarmament by the United Kingdom, international nuclear disarmament and tighter international arms regulation through agreements such as the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.

B. Priestley on " Britain and the Nuclear Bombs ", which was critical of Aneurin Bevan for changing his mind about nuclear weapons and ceasing to advocate unilateral nuclear disarmament by Britain.

At the end of November, a meeting was held in the rooms of Canon John Collins, chaired by the editor of the New Statesman, Kingsley Martin, to launch the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament.

Organisations that had previously opposed British nuclear weapons supported CND, including the British Peace Committee, the Direct Action Committee, the National Committee for the Abolition of Nuclear Weapons Tests and the Quakers.

It is based on the semaphore symbols for " N " ( two flags held 45 degrees down on both sides, forming the triangle at the bottom ) and " D " ( two flags, one above the head and one at the feet, forming the vertical line ) ( for Nuclear Disarmament ) within a circle.

However, several CND members and supporters have stood for election at various times as Independent Nuclear Disarmament candidates.

There have also been campaigns relating to the Y-12 Nuclear Weapons Plant, the Idaho National Laboratory, proposed Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository, the Hanford Site, the Nevada Test Site, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and transportation of nuclear waste from the Los Alamos National Laboratory.

However, since Einstein's death, experiments analogous to the one described in the EPR paper have been carried out, starting in 1976 by French scientists Lamehi-Rachti and Mittig at the Saclay Nuclear Research Centre.

Ghana gets 97 % of its energy from damming lake Volta and exports much of this to neighboring countries, however organisations such as the Ghana Nuclear Society have advocated the introduction of nuclear power into Ghana and indeed the country now has an atomic energy commission.

Nuclear mines have also been developed, both land and naval varieties.

Nuclear tests at Enewatak have left islanders there suffering from Cancer and birth defects.

Nuclear reactors generally have automatic and manual systems to shut the fission reaction down if unsafe conditions are detected.

Nuclear reactors have been launched into Earth orbit at least 34 times.

While the vast majority of states have adhered to the stipulations of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, a few states have either refused to sign the treaty or have pursued nuclear weapons programs while not being members of the treaty.

As a consequence of this Altfed and Cimbala have argued that belief in Nuclear Winter has made Nuclear Warfare more plausible and not less, contrary to what Carl Sagan and others have argued, for Nuclear Winter inspired the technological imperative toward improved accuracy and weaponry.

Nuclear particles like protons and neutrons are not destroyed in fission and fusion processes, but collections of them have less mass than if they were individually free, and this mass difference is liberated as heat and radiation in nuclear reactions ( the heat and radiation have the missing mass, but it often escapes from the system, where it is not measured ).

Mahmood, as an engineer, is an experienced atomic scientist and engineer who is known to have largely contributed in the formative years of Pakistan's Nuclear Industry ( PNI ).

Nuclear whistleblowers and truck drivers have 180 days to make complaints to OSHA.

Nuclear weapons have been detonated on over two thousand occasions for testing purposes and demonstrations.