* Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning, a form of learning in which behavior is modified by its consequences

2 ) Operant conditioning where there is reinforcement of the behavior by a reward or a punishment.

Operant conditioning ( or instrumental conditioning ) is a form of learning in which an individual's behavior is modified by its consequences ; the behavior may change in form, frequency, or strength.

Operant conditioning is a term that was coined by B. F Skinner in 1937 Operant conditioning is distinguished from classical conditioning ( or respondent conditioning ) in that operant conditioning deals with the modification of " voluntary behavior " or operant behavior.

Operant behavior operates on the environment and is maintained by its consequences, while classical conditioning deals with the conditioning of reflexive ( reflex ) behaviors which are elicited by antecedent conditions.

Operant hoarding is a referring to the choice made by a rat, on a compound schedule called a multiple schedule, that maximizes its rate of reinforcement in an operant conditioning context.

* Scholarpedia Operant conditioning

simple: Operant conditioning

Operant conditioning is the use of consequences to modify the occurrence and form of behavior.

Operant conditioning is distinguished from Pavlovian conditioning in that operant conditioning uses reinforcement / punishment to alter an action-outcome association.

Operant conditioning is explicit associative learning: positive associations are formed when rewarded after completion of a task, and negative when punished after completion of a task.

Operant conditioning is only limited by what can be used as reinforcement or punishment.

According to Grossman ( 2001 ), these techniques were meant to break down barriers to embrace a new set of norms and way of life ( brutalization ), condition them to pair killing with something more enjoyable and pleasurable ( Classical Conditioning ), repeat the stimulus-response reaction to develop a reflex ( Operant Conditioning ), and finally the use of a role model of a superior to provide action by example.

Operant behavior is that which is selected by its consequences.

Operant conditioning procedures in meta-analysis had the largest effect size for training social skills, followed by modelling, coaching, and social cognitive techniques in that order.

Operant variability is what allows a response to adapt to new situations.

Operant behavior is distinguished from reflexes in that its response topography ( the form of the response ) is subject to slight variations from one performance to another.

Operant chambers have at least one operandum ( or " manipulandum "), and often two or more, that can automatically detect the occurrence of a behavioral response or action.

Operant chambers can also have electrified nets or floors so that electrical charges can be given to the animals ; or lights of different colors that give information about when the food is available.

Operant conditioning chambers have become common in a variety of research disciplines including behavioral pharmacology, and whose results inform many disciplines outside of psychology such as behavioral economics.

Operant techniques are a venerable part of the toolbox of the psychobiologist, and many neurobiological theories — particularly regarding drug addiction — have made extensive use of reinforcement.

Operant methodology and terminology have been used in much research on animal perception and concept formation — with the same topics, such as stimulus generalization, bearing importantly on operant conditioning.

According to Bandura, there are two categories of motives-positive reinforcements, Promised reinforcements and Vicarious reinforcements and negative punishment, Promised punishment and vicarious punishment both of which are based on traditional behaviorism such as BF Skinner ’ s Operant Conditioning and Pavlov ’ s Classical Conditioning.

Operant Conditioning of Gill Withdrawal in Aplysia.

Operant behavior -

Indoor gardens are sometimes incorporated as part of air conditioning or heating systems.

Indoor gardens are sometimes incorporated as part of air conditioning or heating systems.

He has also sometimes turns off the air conditioning before Swans perform, comparing the experience to a Native American sweat lodge.

Some training methods advocate putting only slight pressure on the horse, allowing it to gradually become accustomed to a frightening object, while other methods sometimes advocate techniques that are based on the operant conditioning principle of flooding, for example, waving a large blanket on and over a horse tied to a sturdy post so that it cannot escape -- the latter methods often being quicker at first, but also far more dangerous because rapid exposure to frightening stimuli can cause a horse to panic, and, if tied or confined, to risk injury to the animal or handler in an attempt to free itself.

However, evaporative cooling and vapor-compression air conditioning are sometimes used in combination to yield optimal cooling results.

Pitch counts are sometimes less of a concern for veteran pitchers, who after years of conditioning are often able to pitch deeper into games.

The conditioning process is sometimes referred to as a " keep " and is designed to, among other things, tame the cock so that he can be handled during a fight.

Typical driving cab features, and therefore A unit features, include windshields, rectangular side windows, crew seats, heating, and sometimes, radios, air conditioning and toilets.

It is also sometimes used in a conditioning regimen prior to a bone marrow or blood stem cell transplant.

Autoshaping ( sometimes called " sign tracking ") is any of a variety of experimental procedures used to study classical conditioning.

Today, the pump is used for irrigation, water supply, gasoline supply, air conditioning systems, refrigeration ( usually called a compressor ), chemical movement, sewage movement, flood control, marine services, etc.

The crate is too small and the victim has the option of either purchasing a crate with air conditioning or renting one while also paying a deposit, typically called a caution or cautionary fee.

) Observational learning appears to occur without the reinforcement of ongoing behavior that is called for in behavioral models of operant or instrumental conditioning.

Under this idea, which they called " feedforward ," animals learn during operant conditioning by simple pairing of stimuli, rather than by the consequences of their actions.

Because classical conditioning seemed to be unable to explain how the conditioned behavior is kept alive over many years, without any repetition, some behaviorists came up with the theory that fetishism was the result of a special form of conditioning, called imprinting.

It may also be called the conditioning interval.

If an extinguished CS is tested at a later time ( for example an hour or a day ) after conditioning it will often again elicit a CR, a phenomenon called spontaneous recovery.

Some buyers lamented the small size of the first compacts that came from Japan, and both Toyota and Nissan ( known as Datsun during the 1970s ) introduced larger cars called the Toyota Corona Mark II, replaced by the Toyota Cressida, the Mazda 616, and Datsun 810 which gave buyers increased passenger space and some luxury amenities, such as air conditioning, power steering, AM-FM radios, and even power windows and central locking without increasing the price of the vehicle.

The conditioning of the mind resulting from karma is called saṃskāra .< ref > Buddhist Phenomenology: A philosophical Investigation of Yogācāra Buddhism and the Ch ' eng Wei-shih lun by Dan Lusthaus.

In the United States jogging was called " roadwork " when athletes in training, such as boxers, customarily ran several miles each day as part of their conditioning.

A formal Uechi Ryū forearm conditioning exercise, called kote kitae, involves the ritualized pounding of one's fists and forearms against the forearms of a partner.

When air conditioning came to the city, it was called the " World's Most Air Conditioned City ".

It owed its early success to the effectiveness of Skinner's procedures of operant conditioning, both in the laboratory and in behavior therapy — what is now called applied behavior analysis.

This engine was called the L77 ( V code ), and was used primarily in the 4-speed cars, and automatics without the air conditioning option in the Hurst Olds Cutlass.

Fear conditioning is thought to depend upon an area of the brain called the amygdala.

This experience could be called operant conditioning for internal states even though no research has yet demonstrated that clear operant response curves occur under those scenarios.

Vehicles not equipped with air conditioning received push-button vacuum-operated fresh air vents, called " Summer Ventiliation ", which replaced the pull level type vents.

The chemotherapy or irradiation given immediately prior to a transplant is called the conditioning or preparative regimen, the purpose of which is to help eradicate the patient's disease prior to the infusion of HSC and to suppress immune reactions.

Some of the changes in Brisbane Soorley has been credited with include allowing widespread footpath dining, introduction of the CityCat ferries, advancing the Busway system, building the Inner City Bypass, starting Riverfestival including the popular Riverfire fireworks and the River Feast, bringing all sewerage treatment up to at least secondary treatment standards ( with removal of nitrogen and phosphorus to additional standards ), a city wide recycling program, gas CNG powered buses, starting air conditioning on buses, accelerating the purchase of " at risk " bushland, Implementing a system of long term re-habilitation for old municipal solid waste tips and a long term plan to link riverfront land and open it up to the people of Brisbane through a series of pathways called Riverwalk.

The same year the company announced a restructuring plan called the Sanyo Evolution Project, launching a new corporate vision to make the corporation into an environmental company, plowing investment into strong products like rechargeable batteries, solar photovoltaics, air conditioning, hybrid car batteries and key consumer electronics such as the Xacti camera, projectors and mobile phones.

After several more years of refinement and field testing, on January 2, 1906, Carrier was granted U. S. patent No. 808897 on his invention, which he called an " Apparatus for Treating Air ," the world's first spray-type air conditioning equipment.

Old public city buses have been replaced with new models with air conditioning, called SUBA.