* Heresy in Orthodox Judaism

The Books of the Bible are listed differently in the canons of Judaism and the Catholic, Protestant, Greek Orthodox, Slavonic Orthodox, Coptic, Georgian Orthodox, Armenian Apostolic, Syriac, Ethiopian and Eritrean Orthodox churches, although there is substantial overlap.

Rather, it is sometimes employed by unaffiliated groups to indicate a range of beliefs and practices more liberal than is affirmed by the Orthodox, and more traditional than the more liberal Jewish denominations ( Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism ).

Working with this 1990s trend of diversity and institutional growth, Conservative Judaism remained the largest denomination in America, with 43 percent of Jewish households affiliated with a synagogue belonging to Conservative synagogues ( compared to 35 percent for Reform and 16 percent for Orthodox ).

The movement is supported by the Masorti Foundation for Conservative Judaism in Israel, an American organization that provides funding to Masorti programs, which are disadvantaged by the Israeli government's practice of funding only Orthodox institutions.

Concerning the degree of revelation of Torah, Conservative Judaism rejects the Orthodox position of a direct verbal revelation of the Torah.

They believe that the Orthodox Jewish movements, on the theological right, have erred by slowing down, or stopping, the historical development of Jewish law: " Conservative Judaism believes that scholarly study of Jewish texts indicates that Judaism has constantly been evolving to meet the needs of the Jewish people in varying circumstances, and that a central halakhic authority can continue the halakhic evolution today.

See also under Modern Orthodox Judaism.

Conservative Judaism accepts that the Orthodox approach to halakhah is generally valid.

Some Modern Orthodox leaders cooperate and work with the Conservative movement, while haredi (" Ultra-Orthodox ") Jews often eschew formal contact with Conservative Judaism, or at least its rabbinate.

* Orthodox Judaism

The three largest Jewish denominations — Orthodox Judaism, Conservative Judaism and Reform Judaism — maintain the belief that the Jews have been chosen by God for a purpose.

Orthodox Judaism deliberately makes it very difficult to convert and become a Jew, and requires a significant and full-time effort in living, study, righteousness, and conduct over several years.

* Admiel Kosman, Between Orthodox Judaism and nihilism: Reflections on the recently published writings of the late Rabbi Shimon Gershon Rosenberg, Haaretz, Aug. 17, 2012.

Within Modern Orthodox Judaism, there is no one committee or leader, but Modern Orthodox rabbis generally agree with the views set by consensus by the leaders of the Rabbinical Council of America.

Orthodox Judaism holds that Halakha is the divine law as laid out in the Torah ( First five books of Moses ), rabbinical laws, rabbinical decrees and customs combined.

See Orthodox Judaism, Beliefs about Jewish law and tradition.

This is considered wrong, and even heretical, by Orthodox and Conservative Judaism.

In the Catholic Church ( both the Latin Rite and Eastern Catholic ), Eastern Orthodox, Coptic and Anglican abbeys, the mode of election, position, rights, and authority of an abbess correspond generally with those of an abbot.

The Eastern Orthodox generally recognize Roman Catholic orders, but have a different concept of the apostolic succession as it exists outside of Eastern Orthodoxy.

These churches are generally not in communion with Eastern Orthodox Churches with whom they are in dialogue for erecting a communion.

The latter, which was based on earlier codes and supplemented by the commentary by Moshe Isserles that notes other practices and customs practiced by Jews in different communities, especially among Ashkenazim, is generally held to be authoritative by Orthodox Jews.

However, this agreement was denied by one of the Orthodox bishops present, namely Mark of Ephesus, and the common people of the Orthodox churches generally rejected the agreement as well.

Modern Orthodox authorities are generally more inclined to permit limited changes in customs, and some reconsideration of precedent.

The Eastern Orthodox view of the origin of icons is generally quite different from that of most secular scholars and from some in contemporary Roman Catholic circles: " The Orthodox Church maintains and teaches that the sacred image has existed from the beginning of Christianity ", Léonid Ouspensky has written.

Orthodox Jews generally consider commentaries on the Shulchan Aruch ( a condensed codification of halakha that largely favored Sephardic traditions ) to be the definitive codification of Jewish law.

While a variety of views regarding homosexuality as an inclination or status exist within the Orthodox Jewish community, Orthodox Judaism generally prohibits homosexual conduct.

In the Catholic, Orthodox, and Coptic Christian traditions, males pursuing a monastic life are generally called monks while female monastics are called nuns.

The Orthodox Jewish movements generally consider all non-Orthodox Jewish movements to be unacceptable deviations from authentic Judaism ; both because of other denominations ' doubt concerning the verbal revelation of Written and Oral Torah, and because of their rejection of Halakhic precedent as binding.

In most Orthodox synagogues, women do no to give a d ' var Torah ( brief discourse, generally on the weekly Torah portion ) after or between services.

Since most Modern Orthodox women attend college, and many receive advanced degrees in a variety of fields, Modern Orthodoxy generally believes that their Jewish education should equal their secular education.

Traditionally, women are not generally permitted to serve as witnesses in an Orthodox Beit Din ( rabbinical court ), although they have recently been permitted to serve as toanot ( advocates ) in those courts.

For example, when some Orthodox Jews make audio recordings of prayer services, they generally substitute HaShem for Adonai ; a few others have used Amonai.

Catholic, Orthodox and Protestant creeds generally insist on Trinitarian belief as an essential aspect of Christianity and basic to a group's continuity of identity with the historical Christian faith.

Orthodox liturgies include prayers lamenting the inability to perform the Temple service and petitioning for its restoration, which Conservative synagogues generally omit.

In Orthodox terminology, priesthood or sacerdotal refers to the ministry of bishops and priests.

In contrast, intra-religious pluralism refers to views held by specific schools or denominations within a major faith tradition ( e. g., by Eastern Orthodox Christians ) about the validity or truth of other schools or denominations within the same major faith tradition ( e. g., about Protestant Christianity or Roman Catholic Christianity ).

As noted earlier, intra-religious pluralism refers to views held by specific schools or denominations within a major faith tradition ( e. g., by Eastern Orthodox Christians ) about the validity or truth of other schools or denominations within the same major faith tradition ( e. g., about Protestant Christianity or Roman Catholic Christianity ).

The Eastern Orthodox use the term " Mystical Supper " which refers both to the biblical event and the act of Eucharistic celebration within liturgy.

Such a title is acceptable if it refers to this unique role, but it sometimes leads to the mistaken belief that the office is thus the equivalent of an Orthodox papacy.

The Turkish state only recognizes the Patriarch as the spiritual leader of the Greek minority in Turkey, and officially refers to him as the " Greek Orthodox Patriarch of the Phanar " () ( Phanar is the neighbourhood in Istanbul where the patriarchate is located ).

In the Eastern Orthodox and Greek-Catholic Churches, the term " ablution " refers to consuming the remainder of the Gifts ( the Body and Blood of Christ ) at the end of the Divine Liturgy.

The word synod also refers to the standing council of high-ranking bishops governing some of the autocephalous Eastern Orthodox churches.

* Baal teshuva, a term that often refers to a Jew who turns to embrace Orthodox Judaism

The name Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church refers to St. Thomas Christians of India that come under the Catholicate of the East whose Supreme Head is His Holiness The Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan, with its headquarters at Devalokam, Kottayam, Kerala, India.

Yeshivish (), refers to a sociolect of English spoken by yeshiva students and other Jews with a strong connection to the Orthodox yeshiva world.

Baal teshuva or ba ' al teshuvah (; for a woman, בעלת תשובה, baalat teshuva ; plural, בעלי תשובה, baalei teshuva ), sometimes abbreviated to BT, is a term that often refers to a Jew who turns to embrace Orthodox Judaism.

In the Eastern world, the largest body of believers in modern times is the Eastern Orthodox Church, sometimes imprecisely called " Greek Orthodox " because from the time of Christ through the Byzantine empire, Greek was the common language ( Greek Orthodox actually refers to only one portion of the entire Orthodox Church ).

Orthodox Judaism has always taken a consistent line against the idea that Genesis 6 refers to angels or that angels could intermarry with men.

The word Shadchan often refers to Shadchonim or people who carry out Shidduchim as a profession within the Orthodox community.

The term Old Calendarist ( cal-en-DAR-ist ) refers to any Orthodox Christian or any Orthodox Church body which uses the historic Julian calendar ( called " Old Style Calendar " or " Church calendar " or " Old Calendar "), and whose Church body is not in communion with the Orthodox Churches that use the New Calendar.

In Eastern Orthodox theology, theoria refers to a stage of illumination on the path to theosis, in which one beholds God.

Eastern Orthodox Christianity, or Eastern Orthodoxy refers the faith and communities of the Eastern Orthodox Church.