* Heresy in Orthodox Judaism

The Books of the Bible are listed differently in the canons of Judaism and the Catholic, Protestant, Greek Orthodox, Slavonic Orthodox, Coptic, Georgian Orthodox, Armenian Apostolic, Syriac, Ethiopian and Eritrean Orthodox churches, although there is substantial overlap.

Rather, it is sometimes employed by unaffiliated groups to indicate a range of beliefs and practices more liberal than is affirmed by the Orthodox, and more traditional than the more liberal Jewish denominations ( Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism ).

Working with this 1990s trend of diversity and institutional growth, Conservative Judaism remained the largest denomination in America, with 43 percent of Jewish households affiliated with a synagogue belonging to Conservative synagogues ( compared to 35 percent for Reform and 16 percent for Orthodox ).

The movement is supported by the Masorti Foundation for Conservative Judaism in Israel, an American organization that provides funding to Masorti programs, which are disadvantaged by the Israeli government's practice of funding only Orthodox institutions.

Concerning the degree of revelation of Torah, Conservative Judaism rejects the Orthodox position of a direct verbal revelation of the Torah.

They believe that the Orthodox Jewish movements, on the theological right, have erred by slowing down, or stopping, the historical development of Jewish law: " Conservative Judaism believes that scholarly study of Jewish texts indicates that Judaism has constantly been evolving to meet the needs of the Jewish people in varying circumstances, and that a central halakhic authority can continue the halakhic evolution today.

See also under Modern Orthodox Judaism.

Conservative Judaism accepts that the Orthodox approach to halakhah is generally valid.

Some Modern Orthodox leaders cooperate and work with the Conservative movement, while haredi (" Ultra-Orthodox ") Jews often eschew formal contact with Conservative Judaism, or at least its rabbinate.

* Orthodox Judaism

The three largest Jewish denominations — Orthodox Judaism, Conservative Judaism and Reform Judaism — maintain the belief that the Jews have been chosen by God for a purpose.

Orthodox Judaism deliberately makes it very difficult to convert and become a Jew, and requires a significant and full-time effort in living, study, righteousness, and conduct over several years.

* Admiel Kosman, Between Orthodox Judaism and nihilism: Reflections on the recently published writings of the late Rabbi Shimon Gershon Rosenberg, Haaretz, Aug. 17, 2012.

Within Modern Orthodox Judaism, there is no one committee or leader, but Modern Orthodox rabbis generally agree with the views set by consensus by the leaders of the Rabbinical Council of America.

Orthodox Judaism holds that Halakha is the divine law as laid out in the Torah ( First five books of Moses ), rabbinical laws, rabbinical decrees and customs combined.

See Orthodox Judaism, Beliefs about Jewish law and tradition.

This is considered wrong, and even heretical, by Orthodox and Conservative Judaism.

With a membership currently estimated at over 85 million members worldwide, the Anglican Communion is the third largest Christian communion in the world, after the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Churches.

In the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches, the Abbot is referred to as the Hegumen.

By no means do all Jews today believe in reincarnation, but belief in reincarnation is not uncommon among many Jews, including Orthodox.

Arianism is defined as those teachings attributed to Arius which are in opposition to mainstream Trinitarian Christological doctrine, as determined by the first two Ecumenical Councils and currently maintained by the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Churches, the Oriental Orthodox Churches, and most Reformation Protestant Churches.

Saint Alcuin ( Alcuin of York ) is considered as a saint by all the main branches of Christianity: Roman Catholic, Anglican and Eastern Orthodox Churches.

In the Eastern Orthodox Church he is also considered a saint, his feast day being celebrated on 15 June .< ref >

Surviving medieval art is primarily religious in focus and funded largely by the State, Roman Catholic or Orthodox church, powerful ecclesiastical individuals, or wealthy secular patrons.

The basic military dress it is still worn in pictures into the Baroque period and beyond in the West ( see Reni picture above ), and up to the present day in Eastern Orthodox icons.

The lack of apostolic succession through bishops is the primary basis on which Protestant communities are not considered churches by the Orthodox churches and the Roman Catholic Church.

The teaching of the Eastern Orthodox Church on the Holy Mystery ( sacrament ) of Unction is similar to that of the Roman Catholic Church.

Because it is a Sacred Mystery of the Church, only Orthodox Christians may receive it.

In some dioceses of the Russian Orthodox Church it is customary for the bishop to visit each parish or region of the diocese some time during Great Lent and give Anointing for the faithful, together with the local clergy.

Mnemonics: LEO Red Cat ( Loss of Electrons is Oxidation, Reduction occurs at the Cathode ), or AnOx Red Cat ( Anode Oxidation, Reduction Cathode ), or OIL RIG ( Oxidation is Loss, Reduction is Gain of electrons ), or Roman Catholic and Orthodox ( Reduction-Cathode, anode-Oxidation ), or LEO the lion says GER ( Losing electrons is Oxidation, Gaining electrons is Reduction )

In Eastern Europe, the music performed in the Eastern Orthodox cathedrals and monasteries is exclusively sung without instrumental accompaniment.

In the Orthodox Church today, as in the early Church, singing is unaccompanied and instrumental music is not found.

In The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture, popular author and text critic Bart D. Ehrman argues that the Adoptionist Theology may date back almost to the time of Jesus and his view is shared by many other scholars.

Troas is also a titular see of the Orthodox Church under the Ecumenical Patriarchate.

He is now Metropolitan Savas ( Zembillas ) of Pittsburgh in the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America.

Athanasius is venerated as a Christian saint, whose feast day is 2 May in Western Christianity, 15 May in the Coptic Orthodox Church, and 18 January in the other Eastern Orthodox Churches.

The Seminary's brief affiliation with the traditional congregations that established the Union of Orthodox Congregations in 1898 was severed due to the Orthodox rejection of the Seminary's academic approach to Jewish learning.

All Orthodox jurisdictions, such as the Orthodox Church in America, have taken the approach of welcoming people with " homosexual feelings and emotions ," while encouraging them to work towards " overcoming its harmful effects in their lives ," while not allowing the sacraments to people who seek to justify homosexual activity.

He cited a responsum by prominent Haredi Orthodox Rabbi Ovadiah Yosef as an example of how the traditional approach works.

In the 20th century, a segment of the Orthodox population ( notably as represented by the World Agudath Israel movement formally established in 1912 ) disagreed with Modern Orthodoxy and took a stricter approach.

This approach has been repudiated by Orthodox and Conservative Jews as unrealistic and posing a danger.

In all cases continuing the Orthodox approach was also upheld as an option.

This approach has been repudiated by Orthodox and Conservative Jews as unrealistic and posing a danger.

In his 1954 responsum on relations with non-Orthodox Judaism, Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik developed the intellectual foundations for the way Modern Orthodox Judaism was to approach the issue in subsequent decades.

Rabbi David Bar-Hayim of Machon Shilo offers a unique Orthodox approach: he has published a responsum outlining his opinion that there is no binding custom on Ashkenazim in the Land of Israel as historically this was not the local practice ( which, he explains, is the essence of custom ); in March 2007 he released a ruling that all Jews in the Land of Israel are permitted to eat kitniyot ( see English Article and Hebrew Legal Ruling ).

His father was an Orthodox Jew with a very literal interpretation of his faith, Gollancz's dislike of this attitude coloured his approach to organised Judaism for much of his life, however he continued to practise many Jewish rituals at home.

Although this mission was a failure, their next mission in 863 secured the conversion of Great Moravia and devised the Glagolitic alphabet for writing in Slavonic thus allowing Slavic-speaking peoples to approach conversion to Orthodox Christianity through their own rather than an alien tongue.

In his book, Conservative Judaism: Our Ancestors to Our Descendants, Dorff creates and then explains a chart of various views of revelation and Jewish law, including the mainstream Orthodox approach, four Conservative approaches, and the Reform approach.

Other Orthodox theologians reject this approach, seeing the Holocaust as a unique tragedy, that could not be based on normal processes of reward and punishment.

Some Orthodox rationalists in Israel take a " restorationist " approach, reaching back in time for tools to simplify Rabbinic Judaism and bring all Jews, regardless of status or stream of Judaism, closer to observance of Halacha, Mitzvot, Kashrut and embrace of Maimonides ' " 13 Principles of Faith ".

Thus, while in certain conditions the Roman Catholic Church allows its faithful who cannot approach a Catholic minister to receive the Eucharist from an Eastern Orthodox priest, the Eastern Orthodox Church does not admit Roman Catholics to its Mystery of the Eucharist.

The only serious conflict during his time as Governor was related to his approach to the Russian Orthodox Church, which caused the anger of the local boyars, who were strongly Catholics.

It also allows Catholics who cannot approach a Catholic minister to receive these three sacraments from clergy of the Eastern Orthodox Church, whenever necessity requires or a genuine spiritual advantage commends it, and provided the danger of error or indifferentism is avoided.

The Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches authorizes the local Catholic bishop to permit a Catholic priest, of whatever rite, to bless the marriage of Orthodox faithful who being unable without great difficulty to approach a priest of their own Church, ask for this spontaneously.

Facing a trial at the local court of Bar, he was found guilty of disturbance of peace, the appeal was rejected and he received a restraint order banning him approach to the Serbian Orthodox Church.