* Outgassing Data for Selecting Spacecraft Materials Online ( NASA database )

* ESA Outgassing Data for Spacecraft Materials according to ECSS-Q-70-02

Outgassing is a significant problem for UHV systems.

Outgassing from bulk materials is minimized by careful selection of materials with low vapor pressures ( such as glass, stainless steel, and ceramics ) for everything inside the system.

Outgassing can also be reduced simply by desiccation prior to vacuum pumping.

Outgassing ( sometimes called offgassing, particularly when in reference to indoor air quality ) is the release of a gas that was dissolved, trapped, frozen or absorbed in some material.

Outgassing can include sublimation and evaporation which are phase transitions of a substance into a gas, as well as desorption, seepage from cracks or internal volumes and gaseous products of slow chemical reactions.

Outgassing is a challenge to creating and maintaining clean high-vacuum environments.

Outgassing is the source of many tenuous atmospheres of terrestrial planets or moons.

Outgassing can be significant if it collects in a closed environment where air is stagnant or recirculated.

Outgassing can occur from two sources: surfaces and bulk materials.

Outgassing from surfaces is a subtler problem.

By comparing the form of several yupanas, researchers found that calculations were based using the Fibonacci sequence 1, 1, 2, 3, 5 and powers of 10, 20 and 40 as place values for the different fields in the instrument.

# Performing all calculations using electronics rather than wheels, ratchets, or mechanical switches

All these calculations to produce a quadrant elevation ( or range ) and azimuth were done manually by highly trained soldiers using instruments, tabulated data, data of the moment and approximations until battlefield computers started appearing in the 1960s and 1970s.

The first ab initio Hartree – Fock calculations on diatomic molecules were carried out in 1956 at MIT, using a basis set of Slater orbitals.

The first polyatomic calculations using Gaussian orbitals were carried out in the late 1950s.

The first configuration interaction calculations were carried out in Cambridge on the EDSAC computer in the 1950s using Gaussian orbitals by Boys and coworkers.

In 1964, Hückel method calculations ( using a simple linear combination of atomic orbitals ( LCAO ) method for the determination of electron energies of molecular orbitals of π electrons in conjugated hydrocarbon systems ) of molecules ranging in complexity from butadiene and benzene to ovalene, were generated on computers at Berkeley and Oxford.

The first electronic programmable digital computer, the ENIAC, using thousands of octal-base radio vacuum tubes, could perform simple calculations involving 20 numbers of ten decimal digits which were held in the vacuum tube accumulators.

Practically only a very small percentage of addresses is kept as initial reference points ( which also requires storage ), and most of the database data is accessed by indirection using displacement calculations ( distance in bits from the reference points ) and data structures which define access paths ( using pointers ) to all needed data in effective manner, optimized for the needed data access operations.

Practically only a very small percentage of addresses is kept as initial reference points ( which also requires storage ), and most of the database data is accessed by indirection using displacement calculations ( distance in bits from the reference points ) and data structures which define access paths ( using pointers ) to all needed data in effective manner, optimized for the needed data access operations.

Similar calculations for the near field can be done using the Fresnel diffraction equation.

The original form of this calendar would have determined Easter using precise astronomical calculations based on the meridian of Jerusalem.

By allowing the radix point to be adjustable, floating-point notation allows calculations over a wide range of magnitudes, using a fixed number of digits, while maintaining good precision.

One participant recollects that Fermi then made a series of rapid calculations using estimated figures.

After renormalization, calculations using Feynman diagrams match experimental results with very high accuracy.

Whether to insert an intercalary month in a given year may be determined using regular cycles such as the 19-year Metonic cycle ( Hebrew calendar and in the determination of Easter ) or using calculations of lunar phases ( Hindu lunisolar and Chinese calendars ).

The master noted that his own calculations had placed the ship sixty miles east of its true landfall which had been correctly predicted by Harrison using H1.

In the 1940s and 1950s, using mechanical calculators, women in an all-female computations group performed trajectory calculations.

A 2006 test was made by Matheus Bane using a draw ( at 28 ") bow, shooting at 10 yards ; according to Bane's calculations, this would be approximately equivalent to a bow at 250 yards.

* Measure ( data warehouse ), a property on which calculations can be made using precomputed aggregates

Somewhat more sophisticated calculations using 3-D GCMs ( Alexandrov and Stenchikov ( 1983 ); Covey, Schneider and Thompson ( 1984 ); produced similar results: temperature drops of between 20 and 40 ° C, though with regional variations.

Instead of running on wires as in the Chinese and Japanese models, the beads of Roman model run in grooves, presumably making arithmetic calculations much slower.

NATO has a standard ballistic model for computer calculations and has expanded the scope of this into the NATO Armaments Ballistic Kernel ( NABK ) within the SG2 Shareable ( Fire Control ) Software Suite ( S4 ).

The resulting values of illumination throughout the model ( sometimes including for empty spaces ) are stored and used as additional inputs when performing calculations in a ray-casting or ray-tracing model.

* British mathematician Alan Turing created a theoretical model for a machine, now called a universal Turing machine, that could carry out calculations from inputs,

The free-electron debacle showed researchers that the model assuming that the ions were in a sea of free electrons needed modification, and so a number of quantum mechanical models such as band structure calculations based on molecular orbitals or the density functional theory were developed.

* Stopping power and energy loss straggling calculations of ion beams in solids by MELF-GOS model

* The Ptolemaic model of planetary motion: Based on the geometrical model of Eudoxus of Cnidus, Ptolemy's Almagest, demonstrated that calculations could compute the exact positions of the Sun, Moon, stars, and planets in the future and in the past, and showed how these computational models were derived from astronomical observations.

Increases in surface UVB due to the ozone hole can be partially inferred by radiative transfer model calculations, but cannot be calculated from direct measurements because of the lack of reliable historical ( pre-ozone-hole ) surface UV data, although more recent surface UV observation measurement programmes exist ( e. g. at Lauder, New Zealand ).

Subsequent calculations found that such a model would require prohibitive amounts of energy.

* c. 1350 – Ibn al-Shatir anticipates Copernicus by abandoning the equant of Ptolemy in his calculations of planetary motion, and he provides the first empirical model of lunar motion which accurately matches observations

Basing his calculations on the peak of oil well discovery in 1948, Hubbert used his model in 1956 to create a curve which accurately predicted that oil production in the contiguous United States would peak around 1970.

For precise calculations, computer programs that can produce a model of the magnetic field using the finite element method are employed.

The specific heats are particularly useful for thermodynamic calculations involving the ideal gas model.

In this paper, Majorana and Gentile performed first-principles calculations within the context of this model that gave a good account of experimentally-observed core electron energies of gadolinium and uranium, and of the fine structure splitting of caesium lines observed in optical spectra.

The modified surface normal is then used for lighting calculations as usual, typically using the Phong reflection model or similar, giving the appearance of detail instead of a smooth surface.

The State Institute for the Environment, Nature Protection and Measurements in Baden-Württemberg carried out forecast calculations with the help of a mathematical " synoptic flood progression model ".

Although the Bohr model is no longer in use, the Bohr radius remains very useful in atomic physics calculations, due in part to its simple relationship with other fundamental constants.

Based on this model, mathematical calculations could be made that predicted planetary positions to a great degree of accuracy.

However, the Van der Waals model is not appropriate for rigorous quantitative calculations, remaining useful only for teaching and qualitative purposes.

However, DFT was not considered accurate enough for calculations in quantum chemistry until the 1990s, when the approximations used in the theory were greatly refined to better model the exchange and correlation interactions.

Deviance is analogous to the sum of squares calculations in linear regression and is a measure of the lack of fit to the data in a logistic regression model.

Whilst this makes the model less precise, it is generally acknowledged to provide a useful simplification to the calculations involved in consumer choice theory, especially since consumer demand is often examined over a considerable period of time.