Pairs perform elements specific to the discipline such as throw jumps, in which the man ' throws ' the woman into a jump ; lifts, in which the woman is held above the man's head in one of various grips and positions ; pair spins, in which both skaters spin together about a common axis ; death spirals ; and other elements such as side-by-side jumps and spins in unison.

The Club has produced two Welsh international bowlers ; Mr. C Standfast in 1937 and Mr. B Hawkins who represented Wales in the 1982 World Pairs and captained Wales in 1982 and 1984.

Pairs typically consider more design alternatives than programmers working solo, and arrive at simpler, more-maintainable designs ; they also catch design defects early.

Pairs of magpies often take up a loud musical calling known as carolling to advertise or defend their territory ; one bird initiates the call with the second ( and sometimes more ) joining in.

The World Singles and World Pairs championships operate on a challenge basis ; anyone winning a national tournament ( or being the highest-placed home player behind a foreign winner ) is entitled to challenge the current champion.

For example, Continuous Kwik Cricket can be played by two groups of 10 or 12, with each batting for a set period of time, the Lord's Game can be played by two groups of four or five, and Pairs Kwik Cricket works for groups of 8, each playing as a pair and rotating the roles ( batsmen ; bowler and wicket-keeper ; leg side and off side fielders ).

Dark-Age Meal Casting ; An Experimental Investigation into the Possibility of using Wax Models for the Formation of Clay-Piece Moulds, with special reference to the Manufacture of Pairs of Cast Objects., in The Department of Archaeology Cardiff: University of Cardiff, 97.

( Pairs of relatives were not uncommon in acting troupes in this era: the brothers John and Laurence Dutton in Oxford's Men and Queen Elizabeth's Men in the 1580s ; Anthony and Humphrey Jeffes in the Admiral's / Prince Henry's Men in the early 17th century.

Pairs of paintings he commissioned from from Nicolas Bernard Lépicié in 1775 ( an Interior of a Customs-house and a Interior of a Market ) and from Claude-Joseph Vernet in 1779, displayed a strong didactic bias reflecting Terray's concerns with the economics of commerce, rather than a choice by the artists From the history painter Nicolas-Guy Brenet he commissioned two subjects, equally referent to his official position ; one, Cincinnatus Made Dictator was a clear reference to the enlightened despotism under which he operated ; the other made a less open reference to his reputation as a speculator in grain: The Roman Farmer, in which Caius Furius Cressinus was wrongly accused of sorcery on account of the abundance of his crops: it had been exhibited at the Salon of 1775.

Women's speed skating was not very high-profile ; in Skøytesportens stjerner ( Stars of the skating sport ), a Norwegian work from 1971, no female skaters are mentioned on the book's nearly 200 pages, though they had by then competed for nearly 30 years.

Singles and pair skaters more often skate to the melody and phrasing of their music, rather than its beat ; this is severely penalized in ice dance.

However, skaters from the Four Continents have become more competitive since the 2000s in what was termed a " dance revolution " by ESPN ; with Tanith Belbin and Ben Agosto taking silver in the 2006 Winter Olympics.

The vast majority of skaters rotate all their jumps and spins in the same direction ; counter-clockwise jumping is more common than clockwise.

Figure skaters are rarely able to spin in both directions ; most favor one or the other.

There are often points along the route where the ice is too thin to allow mass skating ; they are called " kluning points " ( from West Frisian klúnje ), and the skaters walk on their skates to the next stretch of good ice.

The tour of 1985 was terminated prematurely because of thawing ; as early as 22: 00 in the evening skaters were taken off the ice.

It has indoor and outdoor basketball courts, three softball fields, a 1 / 3 mile-long track which accommodates runners, walkers and skaters ; tennis courts, a Little League field and a playground.

* Aliona Savchenko and Robin Szolkowy, ice figure skaters: World Champion 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012 ; Olympic Bronze Medalist 2010

In competition skaters can enter more than one event ;

The required referees are a head referee, who oversees the running of the entire game and has final say in any disputes, and who doubles as an inside pack referee, following along side the main pack of skaters from inside the track and issuing and enforcing penalties for fouls or infringements of the rules ; and two jammer referees who follow the two point-scoring players known as jammers.

* International ( medal rounds ): Various tiebreaking procedures have been used for international tournaments, with all of them save one ( World Cup of Hockey 2004 ) following a common theme: one period varying in length of sudden-death overtime followed by a shootout of five skaters per side ( as opposed to the NHL's three skaters per side ; it also differs in that if the shootout does not resolve the tie, the same five skaters then shoot again ).

Theresa Weld was the first female skater to perform it, at the 1920 Summer Olympics ; she was reprimanded for attempting anything so " unladylike ", but that did not stop other female skaters from performing jumps.

Prior to the release of the final rankings of North American skaters and goaltenders, it was speculated that Owen Nolan, Keith Primeau, and Petr Nedved would surpass Ricci ; however, when the final rankings were released, Ricci remained as the top prospect.

Women's speed skating was not very high-profile ; in Skøytesportens stjerner ( Stars of the skating sport ), a Norwegian work from 1971, no female skaters are mentioned on the book's nearly 200 pages, though they had by then competed for nearly 30 years.

During the 2007 Grand Prix series this trend changed ; the technical judges began penalizing wrong-edge takeoffs on all skaters.

There is one category of very simple figures ( 111 and 112 ) that are unique to roller skaters ; these are serpentines that begin with a half circle skated on one foot, then change to the other foot, for the next circle, then change back to the other foot for another half circle.

* ICE, an ice dancing show featuring Russian skaters ; sas cancelled in November of 2009.

; Singles skaters

Image: Marissa Castelli & Simon Shnapir 2LoTh 2009 Junior Worlds. jpg | Pairs skaters Marissa Castelli and Simon Shnapir set up for a throw jump