This hypothesis of the contents of the Mouseion, originally suggested by Nietzsche ( Rheinisches Museum 25 ( 1870 ) & 28 ( 1873 )), appears to have been confirmed by three papyrus finds – one 3rd century BC ( Flinders Petrie Papyri, ed.

Numerous fragments of his thirty-seven volume treatise On Nature have been found among the charred papyrus fragments at the Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum.

He is believed to have been the owner of the ' Villa of the Papyri ' at Herculaneum.

If the mention of Manetho in the Hibeh Papyri, dated to 241 / 40 BC, is in fact Manetho the author of Aegyptiaca, then he may well have been working during the reign of Ptolemy III Euergetes ( 246-222 BC ) as well.

His reign is best known for the Year 16 tomb robberies, recorded in the Abbott Papyrus, the Leopold II-Amherst Papyrus and the Mayer Papyri, when several royal and noble tombs in the Western Theban necropolis were found to have been robbed, including that of a 17th Dynasty king, Sobekemsaf I. Paser, Mayor of Eastern Thebes or Karnak, accused his subordinate Paweraa, the Mayor of West Thebes responsible for the safety of the necropolis, of being either culpable in this wave of robberies or negligent in his duties of protecting the Valley of the Kings from incursions by tomb robbers.

Some of his text may have come from an epic poem which Carl Robert called Atlantis, a fragment of which may be Oxyrhynchus Papyri 11, 1359.

) of the nineteenth Egyptian dynasty when he was crown prince Matthew Flinders Petrie, Egyptian Tales: Translated from the Papyri, 1895, p. 66 and may have been a political satire based in part on his own difficulties with his half brother, the usurper AmenmesseH.

Zeno's writings have not survived, but among the charred papyrus remains at the Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum, there is an Epitome of Conduct and Character from the Lectures of Zeno written by his pupil Philodemus.

Some fragments of two works of Colotes have been discovered at the Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum.

He was once known chiefly for his poetry preserved in the Greek Anthology, but since the 18th century, many writings of his have been discovered among the charred papyrus rolls at the Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum.

Recently, however, in part due to the efforts of the International Center for the Study of the Herculaneum Papyri, these rolls have been the object of renewed scholarly work and have yielded many findings indispensable for the study of Hellenistic philosophy.

David Woodley Packard, who has funded conservation work at Herculaneum through his Packard Humanities Institute, has said that he is likely to be able to fund excavation of the Villa of the Papyri when the authorities agree to it ; but no work will be permitted on the site until the completion of a feasibility report, which has been in preparation for some years.

Djedkare Isesi's reign is well documented by the Abusir Papyri, numerous royal seals and contemporary inscriptions ; taken together, they indicate a fairly long reign for this king.

" Three Aramaic Papyri from Elephantine, Egypt " in Smithsonian Institution Annual Report ( 1907 ): 605-11. and abstracted, by permission, from " Drei Aramaeische Papyrusurkunden aus Elephantine " by Eduard Sachau in the Abhandlungen der koeniglichen preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften for the year 1907.

As far back as the early 2nd century, there is evidence that the codex — usually of papyrus — was the preferred format among Christians: in the library of the Villa of the Papyri, Herculaneum ( buried in AD 79 ), all the texts ( Greek literature ) are scrolls ( see Herculaneum papyri ); in the Nag Hammadi " library ", secreted about AD 390, all the texts ( Gnostic Christian ) are codices.

The Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum, containing the library of Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, Julius Caesar's father-in-law, was preserved by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius, but has only been partially excavated.

* Bodmer Papyri — This collection was purchased by Martin Bodmer in 1955 – 1956.

A library in the Villa of the Papyri, in Herculaneum, was presumably owned by Julius Caesar's father-in-law, Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus.

9 / 2687 ) was published in Grenfell and Hunt's Oxyrhynchus Papyri, vol.

The fragment itself was published in Oxyrhynchus Papyri, vol.

In the Greek Magical Papyri the Pole star was identified with Set-Typhon, and given authority over the Gods.

In an explanation of an Egyptian hypocephalus that was part of the Joseph Smith Papyri, Joseph Smith interpreted one set of hieroglyphics as representing:

Lucius Calpurnius Piso was the name of a line of men in the gens Calpurnia, including the man who was the father-in-law of Julius Caesar at the time of his assassination, and who is tentatively identified as the owner of the Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum.

None of his prose work was known until the rolls of papyri were discovered among the ruins of the Villa of the Papyri.

The original " Getty Villa ", part of the J. Paul Getty Museum complex at Pacific Palisades, California is a free replication of the Villa of the Papyri, as it was published in Le Antichità di Ercolano.

Since the Villa of the Papyri was buried by the eruption and much of it remains unexcavated, Neuerburg based many of the villa's architectural and landscaping details on elements from other ancient Roman houses in the towns of Pompeii, Herculaneum, and Stabiae.

An important cache of Old Kingdom administrative papyri, the Abusir Papyri, was discovered in Neferirkare's mortuary temple between 1893 and 1907.

Rather unfortunately, Thayer's Lexicon became obsolete quickly as Gustav Adolf Deissmann's work with the Egyptian papyri was soon to revolutionize New Testament and Koine Greek Lexicography with the publication of his Bible Studies: Contributions Chiefly from Papyri and Inscriptions to the History of the Language, the Literature, and the Religion of Hellenistic Judaism and Primitive Christianity, published in 1901 ( 2nd edition 1909 ) and also Light from the Ancient East: the New Testament Illustrated by Recently Discovered Texts of the Graeco-Roman World London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1910.

A significant cache of administrative papyri – comparable in size to the Abusir Papyri found in the temple of Neferirkare – was discovered at Abusir by a 1982 University of Prague Egyptological Institute excavation from a storeroom of his mortuary temple.

Abusir was the origin of the largest find of Old Kingdom papyri to date — the Abusir Papyri.

Apparently, there was an extensive library at Piso's Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum, a significant part of which was formed by a library of Epicurean texts, some of which were present in more than one copy, suggesting the possibility that this section of Piso's library was Philodemus ' own.

* Rylands Papyri — this collection contains above 700 papyri, with 31 ostraca and 54 codices.

Pan with a goat, statue from Villa of the Papyri, Herculaneum.

The Rylands Library Papyrus P52, also known as the St. John's fragment, is a fragment from a papyrus codex, measuring only 3. 5 by 2. 5 inches ( 8. 9 by 6 cm ) at its widest ; and conserved with the Rylands Papyri at the John Rylands University Library ( Gr. P. 457 ), Manchester, UK.

The word is found in Gnostic texts such as the Holy Book of the Great Invisible Spirit, and also appears in the Greek Magical Papyri.

Some were pleasure houses such as those — like Hadrian's Villa at Tivoli — that were sited in the cool hills within easy reach of Rome or — like the Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum — on picturesque sites overlooking the Bay of Naples.

A villa might be quite palatial, such as the imperial villas built on seaside slopes overlooking the Bay of Naples at Baiae ; others were preserved at Stabiae and Herculaneum by the ashfall and mudslide from the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD, which also preserved the Villa of the Papyri and its libraries.

Surviving Oxyrhynchus Papyri indicate that seven-storey buildings even existed in provincial towns, such as in third century AD Hermopolis in Roman Egypt.

Surviving Oxyrhynchus Papyri indicate that seven-story buildings even existed in provincial towns, such as in 3rd century Hermopolis in Roman Egypt.

* Papyri Abinnaeus.

Duke Data Bank of Documentary Papyri.

* Papyri Laurentius.

Duke Data Bank of Documentary Papyri.

Many of the papyrus scrolls unearthed at the Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum are Epicurean texts.

At the Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum, apparently the villa of Caesar's father-in-law, the Greek library has been partly preserved in volcanic ash ; archaeologists speculate that a Latin library, kept separate from the Greek one, may await discovery at the site.

Volcanic ash preserved some of the Roman library of the Villa of the Papyri in Herculaneum.

It is represented, e. g., by Codex Vaticanus, Codex Sinaiticus and the Bodmer Papyri.

* Amherst Papyri — This is a collection of William Tyssen-Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst of Hackney.

* Archduke Rainer Papyri — One of the world's largest collection of papyri ( about 180, 000 objects ) in the Austrian National Library.

* Berlin Papyri — housed in the Egyptian Museum and Papyrus Collection.

* Chester Beatty Papyri — collection of 11 codices acquired by Alfred Chester Beatty in 1930 – 1931 and 1935.

* Oxyrhynchus Papyri — these numerous papyri fragments were discovered by Grenfell and Hunt in and around Oxyrhynchus.

* Washington University Papyri Collection — includes 445 manuscript fragments, dating from the first century BC to the eighth century AD.

Further fragments of two works by Chrysippus are preserved among the charred papyrus remains discovered at the Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum.

Many of the papyrus scrolls unearthed at the Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum are Epicurean texts.